Effects of Volcanoes
The plates, which are about 20 miles thick, make up the Earth's crust and are a chief cause of volcanic activity. These plates are always in motion. They move very slowly; however, at times, they bump into each other. These movements put a lot of pressure on the surface rock. Volcanoes obtain their energy from such movement and pressure. Volcanoes form at the boundaries of these plates where two types of movement occur: two plates will collide with each other, or the plates will move apart from each other. Some of these plate layers are cooled and are made up of rigid rocks. The effects on the landscape are lava that releases onto the Earth's surface. When that lava comes to the Earth's surface, it is red hot, and sometimes the temperature is more than 2012 degrees Fahrenheit. Fluid lava flows swiftly down a volcano's slopes. Sticky lava flows more slowly. As the lava cools, it hardens into many different formations on the landscape. Highly fluid lava hardens into smooth, folded sheets of rock called pahoehoe. Stickier lava cools into rough, jagged sheets of rock called aa. Pahoehoe and aa cover large areas of Hawaii, where the terms originated. The stickiest lava forms flows of boulders and rubble called block flows. It may also form mounds of lava called domes. Volcanoes, when exploded, can send ash, millions of rock particles, and volcanic gas tens of miles into the air. The resulting ash fallout can affect large areas hundreds of miles downwind. Gas pours out of volcanoes in large quantities during almost all eruptions. The gas is made up particularly of steam but may also include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and other gases. Most of the steam comes from a volcano's magma, but some steam may also be produced when rising magma heats water in the ground. Effects on the living population of the area: eruptions pose direct and indirect volcano hazards to people and property, both on the ground and in the air. Direct hazards are pyroclastic flows, lava flows, falling ash, and debris flows. Pyroclastic flows have hot ash, rock fragments, and gas in them. These flows of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas are deadly because of their high temperatures of 850° C. Also, they can travel down the sides of a volcano at speeds of up to 200 miles per hour. Indirect hazards are famine, disease, and economic loss. The ash and dust from a volcanic eruption can cause crops to fail, and volcanic ash can clog machinery, damage roofs, and short-circuit electrical equipment. The economic loss can be enormous.
Resources:
USGS "Types of Volcanic Eruptions" http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/eruptions.html
USGS "MSHNVM and CVO" http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/ImageMaps/SWWash/swwash_map.html
"MSH Map, Cross-sections, and Time-depth Plot" http://spike.geophys.washington.edu/SEIS/PNSN/HELENS/mshfigs.html
"Simplified Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens" http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Gif/MSH/Graphics/EruptiveHistory/msh_eruptive_stages.gif
Edward W. Wolfe and Thomas C. Pierson, 1995, "Volcanic-Hazard Zonation for Mount St. Helens Washington, 1995": USGS Open-File Report 95-497 http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Hazards/OFR95-497/OFR95-497.html
"Encart Reference, Volcano, Types of Volcano" © 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation http://encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?ti=761570122&sid=20#s20
"Volcano," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000 © 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation http://encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?mod=1&ti=761570122&page=3#s22vb
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In Walt Whitman’s poem Oh Captain! My Captain! He talks about the death of America’s commander and chief, Abraham Lincoln. Whitman published this poem in his book of poems about the civil war causing him to become one of a handful of people to be the only ones who did not participate in the war, but wrote about it. In fact, Whitman uses various metaphors to tell of the death of Abraham Lincoln to the common people of the Union.
The discussion of mental health is slowly being brought to the social surface to create a more inclusive society for those dealing with a mental illness. However, those with a mental illness are continuously being affected by stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination by those who simply don’t comprehend the complexity of the human brain (Glaser, G.2017). As more people become mental health activist, they are exposing the plethora of issues surrounding the overall mental and physical stability of those who are negatively affected by the social construct of what it means to be normal.
Although volcanoes are difficult to predict, geologists have made many efforts in order to caution the people of Orting and other surrounding towns of possible lahar slides. Residents have been made aware of emergency response plans and they know the proper precautions to take in the case of a volcanic activity emergency. Sirens have been put into place by the fire department and governing bodies of surrounding communities that detect volcanic activity and warn the community of ...
This eruptions cause a leatral blasts ,lava flows , hot ash flows and many other disaster .
Two great writers, whose ideas have been read by many, are Karl Marx and Abraham Kuyper. Marx was a philosopher and because of his writing about Communist many places responded with revolutions. Kuyper was a Christian leader inspired many with his writings about society and culture. Marx and Kuyper both addressed how social issues in the world. Marx and Kuyper’s views of human nature are very different. While Kuyper believes that God shapes our lives and humans have no control; Marx, on the other hand, believes that human beings can shape and control the direction of their own lives. Both men show their beliefs of human nature through history, government, economy, and society. Though they both believe in equal society they don’t agree on the
Mental illness misconceptions construct stigmatization within society. There are many source of mental illness stigma from inadequate information, media, religion, and ethnicity. In their article “Wearing the Label of Mental Illness: Community-Based Participatory Action Research of Mental Illness Stigma”, by Jean Theuer, Nicole Jean-Paul, Kristi Cheyney, Mirka Koro-Ljungberg, and Bruce Stevens illustrate that inadequate information and the media construct negative stereotypes while religion and ethnicity are conciliators of mental illness. The authors conduct a study which focuses on the community level and examines how community member experience stigma associated with mental illness. And what occurs when an individual is labeled with mental illness. The study identified four sources of mental illness stigma. One, inadequate information, leads to dependents on stereotypes. One interviewee explains that “there’s no good place to get information about it in daily life unless you seek it out. I mean no one ever sits down and talks to you about it in school”. Two, the media contributes to negative stereotypes about mental illness. Since Interviewees could not find adequate information about mental illness. They rely on the media as a source of information. Some interviewees did know that the media illustrate the stereotypic mental illness. Emphasizing the high frequency of characters with severe mental illnesses than compared
MILLER, C. D. POTENTIAL HAZARDS FROM FUTURE ERUPTIONS IN THE VICINITY OF MOUNT SHASTAVOLCANO, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. N.p.: US Government Printing Office, 1980. Print.
Basalt forms due to the partial melting of the layer of the mantle called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the plastic zone of the mantle beneath the rigid lithosphere. Mantle plumes coming from the mesosphere can cause the asthenosphere to melt with heat or even if pressure decreases, which is called decompression melting (Richard 2011). The magma that forms from this melting is mafic magma that solidifies once it reaches the earth’s surface and cools quickly. The above process mainly occurs mainly during intraplate igneous activity which is the main explanation for volcanic activity that occurs a long distance away from a plate boundary. If the tectonic plate above the mantle plume is moving it can create a string of volcanic activity such as in Hawaii. See Fig 2.
Myths and legends are everywhere. There are legends of people from long ago, myths of ancient Greeks. There are myths and legends of almost everything, including volcanoes. Myths of their creation, of why they erupt. Myths and legends of various gods controlling their own volcanoes. There is a story for almost every volcano. The amount of legends and myths concerning volcanoes is quite extensive, ranging from Hephaestus to Vulcan and everything in between. It's very interesting to know what people thought of volcanoes when the myths were made; myths about volcano are as captivating as other myths. Take Pele, one of the gods associated to volcanoes I'll be talking about, for example.
The most iconic volcanic eruption in history was the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Mt. Vesuvius is located on the west coast side of Italy. Pompeii was the ancient town five miles from Mt. Vesuvius where people would flock to the area in 79 AD to be near the Bay of Naples. Little did they know that the volcano would erupt into the most destructive volcano in history. Mt. Vesuvius has erupted about three dozen times and was the most disastrous due to the large population around the area. The volcano, which is still active today, is a stratovolcano. A stratovolcano has pyroclastic flows and erupt explosively and violently. Pyroclastic flows don't necessarily look exactly like “flowing eruptions”. These eruptions are not the “flowing” type of eruptions because they are eruptions with explosions and blowing clouds that fill the air. These clouds are usually dark clouds that are made up of ash. Pompeii had some signs of the volcano erupting, but the technology was not like the technology of today where scientists can monitor the volcanic activity.
Public stigma, encompassing multiple stigmatizing attitudes towards those with mental illness, is often presented in three forms throughout the media, “people with mental illness are homicidal maniacs who need to be feared; they have childlike perceptions of the world that should be marveled; or they are responsible for their illness because they have weak character” (Corrigan and Watson 17). Noticeably, none of these attitudes are beneficial for persons with serious mental illness. These attitudes alter the way people with mental illness are treated by the public—which will be explored further on—and they also alter the way people with mental illness see
Emily Shaw Snelgrove English 12 03/26/15 Eradicating Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness 1 in 4 people will experience some kind of mental illness each year (Mental Health Foundation). Though mental illness is so common there is an extreme stigma surrounding it. Unfortunately people dealing with mental illness not only have to deal with an arsenal of serious symptoms, but also with hurtful social and self-stigmas. Names like psycho, nutcase, and freak have been prevalent through society for years. These social stigmas increase the fear and shame in people who may be dealing with mental illness and soon develop into self stigmas such as: “I’m crazy” and “I can’t be helped.” Behaviors such as these reinforce the negative stereotypes that bombard society. Gaining an understanding of why there is a stigma, how inaccurate stereotypes are debilitating to the function of those with mental illnesses, and how recognizing social and self-stigma surrounding mental illness will be the first steps to eradicate this problem. People with mental disorders or illnesses are far more likely to be victims than perpetrators of crimes. However in newspapers and during media coverage violent criminals are often labeled psychos, maniacs, or schizophrenics. Media, television, and music often dramatize and portray people with mental illnesses inaccurately (Polatis.) “TV shows can also damage people 's perspective of mental illness by only showing the most extreme cases. When you do that with mental illness, you’re creating a stigma that stays with people because people don’t know what the illness is”(Polatis). At this current time when the media is so prevalent in society people’s opinions easily result from depiction displayed on T.V. or in gossip magazine...
The biggest obstacle in the goal to eradicate mental health stigma is that many people aren’t aware of what a mental disorders are, and how commonly they occur. Many people associate people with mental illness (also called psychological disorders) as “crazy” or “insane”. However, these disorders can be as simple as attention and hyperactivity problems (ADHD), stress disorders, and depression. There are of course more serious issues like bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, but even those can be handled with proper methods of medication and therapeutic assistance. These disorders can also vary in intensity, doctors will often use words like extreme, or mild to identify the effect of the disorder on the person. Also, more often than not, people’s experiences with these disorders vary.
Though there is still much to know about the nature of electricity, there is a basic understanding of its essence. As mentioned previously, electricity is a form of energy from the existence of charged particles. To thoroughly understand electricity, it is imperative to first analyze electric force. Coulomb’s law summarizes the electric force between two objects. Coulomb’s law is written as F= k_e (|q_1 ||q_2 |)/r^2 , where ke is 8.9875 x 109 N x m2 /C2. As shown in the equation, the separation distance of the charged particles is on the bottom of the fraction. This means that a greater distance would yield a lower force. Electricity can be classified in two different ways: static electricity or current electricity. In static electricity, there is a transfer of electrons between
Many people say that the earth is a living planet. Due to the fact that it is constantly changing, this statement holds true. The earth is always moving, both inside and out. Whether one thinks it is good that humans live on a planet that moves is good or not, everyone is affected. This is because when Mother Earth moves, people all across the world will feel it. There are many dangers that the Mother Earth and its geology present to human life. These things lay resting, waiting to be awakened. Things such as tornadoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and even earthquakes are the very things that affect people in a way that changes them forever, whether it is by taking a life or destroying a home. All of these things are very destructive, but none like volcanoes. A volcano is a mountain or hill that has a crater through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust, as stated by Webster’s dictionary. They are formed when magma within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the crust. This accumulates and forms a magma chamber. Over time this grows larger and a volcano is created. They hold scorching hot lava in their stomachs waiting for the right time to release it. Volcanoes are both incredibly dangerous and extremely destructive. There are literally countless volcanoes that are on earth; however, many of these volcanoes are not a threat because they are either dormant or extinct. Mt. Vesuvius is an active volcano; however, before discussing this volcano, the deliberation of the types of volcanoes must be talked about. There are three different types of erupting lives of volcanoes: extinct, dormant, and active. (Timothy Oleson)