Viscocity of Alkanes
Introduction
When dealing with fluid/mechanical systems, it is important to know
what affects the rate of descent of an object through a liquid.
There are many factors that affect the descent of an object through a
liquid such as:
1) Temperature of the liquid
2) Mass* of object
3) Size/surface area of object
4 Viscosity of liquid
5) Angle of descent
Temperature
I would like to investigate the correlation between temperature and
time of descent. Reading suggests that the colder the liquid the
longer it will take for the object to reach the bottom.
Mass*& Surface area/size
Gravity accelerates at 9.81 ms-1 independent of mass. Hence increasing
the mass will not affect the experiment of surface area. Thus using an
object of various sizes it would be possible to investigate the
proportionately of size on the descent of the object.
Viscosity
I feel it is important to investigate the affects of how a more
viscous liquid would impede the progress of an object descending
through a liquid. Therefore I have included this factor into my
investigation.
Angle of descent
I would like to observe the affects of the object descending at an
angle. Such at sediment in a bottle is there a way in which bottles
should be stored that may hasten descent?
Aim
To investigate the rate of decent of an object falling through a
liquid (simulated by a ball bearing) and investigate some of the
factors that will affect this.
Summary
I have completed this investigation by using many simple experiments
to reach a firm conclusion on the rate of decent of a ball beari...
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...ment 2
this was also 40-60. Therefore I would be able to conclude with a
third liquid that it may be possible that the liquid does not effect
the point in which a ball bearing reaches its terminal velocity.
However I can conclude that the size of the ball bearing and also the
mass does not effect where it reaches its terminal velocity. As you
already know, if two objects of the same size but with different
masses are dropped from the same height they will descend and hit the
ground at the same time. It is only air resistance that will affect
the descent if the objects size is slightly different. I can relate
this to my experiments in finding the terminal velocity of the ball
bearings through the liquid, and therefore explain why the occurance
happened with only a slight varience with the very large ball
bearings.
The purpose of the experiment was to use the method of simple distillation to separate hexane, heptane, and a mixture of the two compounds into three different samples. After separation, gas chromatography determined the proportions of the two volatile compounds in a given sample.
Pentane was observed to have the highest evaporation rate. Isopropanol had the lowest evaporation rate. Pentane is nonpolar and it’s strongest intermolecular force is London Dispersion Force. Because Isopropanol is polar and has strong hydrogen bonds, the bonds are harder to break and the evaporation rate was lower because it took more time to break this force. Pentane has a weaker molecular force than the hydrogen bonds so it evaporated faster than the Isopropanol.
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The cell plasma membrane, a bilayer structure composed mainly of phospholipids, is characterized by its fluidity. Membrane fluidity, as well as being affected by lipid and protein composition and temperature (Purdy et al. 2005), is regulated by its cholesterol concentration (Harby 2001, McLaurin 2002). Cholesterol is a special type of lipid, known as a steroid, formed by a polar OH headgroup and a single hydrocarbon tail (Wikipedia 2005, Diwan 2005). Like its fellow membrane lipids, cholesterol arranges itself in the same direction; its polar head is lined up with the polar headgroups of the phospholipid molecules (Spurger 2002). The stiffening and decreasing permeability of the bilayer that results from including cholesterol occurs due to its placement; the short, rigid molecules fit neatly into the gaps between phospholipids left due to the bends in their hydrocarbon tails (Alberts et al. 2004). Increased fluidity of the bilayer is a result of these bends or kinks affecting how closely the phospholipids can pack together (Alberts et al. 2004). Consequently, adding cholesterol molecules into the gaps between them disrupts the close packing of the phospholipids, resulting in the decreased membrane fluidity (Yehuda et al. 2002).
There are billions of people on this earth and each is unique in its own way. The same is true for molecules and substances. There are billions of different molecules and substances on earth and each one has unique properties to make it what it is. When looking at some of the smallest characteristics of things, molecular shape and intermolecular forces come into play. Molecular shape and intermolecular forces help determine what physical properties substances and objects have. Each plays a key role. Science is able to break substances down and determine what molecular shape and intermolecular forces have to do with physical properties.
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Polman, H., Orobio De Castro, B. & Van Aken, M. A.G. (2008). Experimental Study of the
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