A very popular science experiment uses the reaction between baking soda and vinegar to model a volcanic eruption. Why does this reaction occur? It’s all because of the molecules that make up sodium bicarbonate(baking soda) and acetic acid (vinegar). Everything around us is made of molecules. Those molecules can be divided into atoms and the atoms can be divided into subatomic particles. Atoms contain 3 types of subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged and are attracted to the electrons which are negatively charged. The neutrons are neither positive or negative, they are neutral and they hold together the protons in the nucleus(blue book). The identities of the things around us depend on these particles. For example, carbon has 6 protons and nitrogen has 7 protons(comp. book). Nitrogen only has 1 more proton than carbon, but the 2 elements are completely different. At room temperature, carbon is a solid(http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele006.html) and nitrogen is a gas(http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html). How a molecule is bonded also affects the properties of a substance and, in turn, how it will react with other substances. An example of this is the famous reaction between baking soda and vinegar. If it weren’t for the elements in these substances and the particles in those elements, they would not be able to make the reaction that they do.
A molecule is a group of atoms that are bonded together. Some are covalently bonded and others are ionically bonded. For example, an organic compound is a compound that is covalently bonded(blue book). Because it is covalently bonded, it’s valence electrons are shared, instead of transferred, like an ionic bond. For examp...
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...O3 → H2O + CO2. This carbon dioxide comes out as gas bubbles that overflow the container, which is usually a volcano model. (http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalreactions/f/What-Is-The-Equation-For-The-Reaction-Between-Baking-Soda-And-Vinegar.htm)(http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalvolcanoes/ss/volcano.htm)
The amount and types of particles all create the identities of elements. Whether or not an element can react with another and the type of reaction that occurs all depends on how many protons, neutrons, and electrons its atoms have. Therefore, the reaction between sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid depends on the properties of elements they are made of, which depend on how many electrons there are in the valence layer. Next time you see a chemical or physical reaction, know that it all happened because of minute particles within the substance.
Baking Soda and Vinegar: Limiting Reactant Lab Background The limiting reactant of a chemical reaction is the substance that places an upper bound on the amount of product that the reaction can produce. The limiting reactant places this upper bound because the reaction must stop once all of the limiting reactant is consumed. If the relative amount of reactants is altered, then the limiting reactant may change accordingly.
The question I was trying to answer is Which balanced chemical equation best represents the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate. Using that question to guide us we were trying to determine which of the four chemical equations show how atoms are rearranged during thermal decomposition. We concluded it was the second chemical equation, we know that because:
Investigation of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and marble chips A chemical reaction is when two or more substance called reactants are chemically bonded to form a new product, as a result of the process, for a reaction to take place, the particles must have enough kinetic energy to collide and form new bonds , this is called a successful collision. The minimum amount of energy needed for a successful collision is activation energy, which is “The energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process can occur”. Chemical reaction is different to a physical reaction, chemical reaction are not reversible and results in a new product, however a physical reaction can be easily reversed as it only changed its state. The activation energy is able to loosen particles and enable them to from new bonds to produce new products. The faster the molecules are moving the bigger the chance of a successful collision, so the faster and stronger the reaction will be , the more kinetic energy a reactant has the easier it is for the new bonds the collide and produce new bonds.
Unit 7: Chemical Reactions: Students will understand the basic concepts of reactions, bonding, the “mole” and how this relates to the law of conversion of matter.
As you may know, when you mix baking soda and vinegar there is a big reaction, but have you ever wondered how this reaction happens? Well in order to find out how it happens you will need to know the elements that make up baking soda and vinegar. You will also learn why these elements are where they are on the periodic table and what is released during the baking soda and vinegar reaction.
If you have done the Volcano project, you would know that you use more vinegar than you do baking soda, but you might not know how much more. I looked up the chemical compounds and names of some common household items, then tested their pH levels. I was going to try to prove that this project can be used with different chemicals, different pH levels, and different amounts. I would show the ideal combinations of acids and bases that would give off this mild explosion. My conclusion could help people in the future who are doing the Volcano project, and want to get a more exciting explosion. Experimental Here is how I did my experiment.
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
The bicarbonate then reacts with the hydrogen from the citric acid, and this reaction makes water and carbon dioxide. By mixing water with the Alka-Seltzer® tablet, the whole reaction process is started, and that process ultimately results in bubbles of carbon dioxide gas being given off. When the film canister is capped, this gas that is being given off is suddenly contained inside an enclosed space. The pressure inside the canister then rises until there is too much force for the lid to stay sealed (attached to the canister). The built up pressure is strong enough, and exerts enough force to push the canister quickly into the air, forming the
Bonds are the attraction between atoms involving the transferring and sharing of valence electrons to achieve stability and complete its valence shell. With these interactions of molecules, which are formed by bonds, properties of life emerge. Bonds vary in type, with each having their own specific properties, effects and strengths. These varying types of bonds consist of: covalent, ionic and hydrogen.
An ionic compound is defined as “a chemical compound of cations and anions which are held together by ionic bonds in a lattice structure”. This basically means that a compound is formed when the transfers of electrons occur from metal loosing electrons and becoming cations/+ (to achieve a complete outermost shell) and non-metals gaining electrons and becoming anions/- (to complete their outermost shell). These ions of opposite charges are powerfully attracted to one another and form very tight bonds. Covalent compounds are formed when two or more non-metal atoms bond by sharing valence electrons to complete their outermost shell. Valence electrons are the spare electrons on the outermost shell and are always the ones involved in bonding. Atoms share these electrons to achieve the noble gas structure and this is why ionic compounds give/take electrons as well. Some characteristics of ionic compounds would be: that it includes metals bonding with nonmetals, the positive/negative charges, its crystal lattice, the fact that it is non malleable, their high melting points, they conduct electricity (only if molten or dissolved), they are soluble in water and that they are solid at room temperature. Some characteristics of covalent bonds would be: that it occurs between 2 nonmetals; elements share electrons in molecules; low melting points (due to their weak bonds) and the fact that they are usually gases, sometimes liquids and rarely solids at room
In order for a volcanic eruption to occur, a substance known as magma must be present. Magma often collects in magma chambers (directly below the volcano) that feed a volcano. Magma consists 96% of molten, or liquid, rock, due to the extremely high temperatures (1300 °F to 2400 °F) located in the Earth’s mantle(4). This molten rock contains very many solids known as “rock forming silicate minerals,” such as carbon, iron, silicon, aluminum, and magnesium, as well as many others. While a large portion of magma is made up of these substances, magma also contains various volatiles that play an extremely vital role in a volcano’s eruption. Volatiles are substances with low melting points that are released as a liquid or gas when an eruption occurs, such as water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide ...
If they collide with sufficient energy, then they will react. The minimum amount of kinetic energy required for particles at the time of collision is called the activation energy and this theory is known as the?collision theory?. Reactions occur in all circumstances. Chemicals are always combining and breaking up. Reactants and products combine and break apart in all reactions.
Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds. It is essential that we know what bonds are before we can understand any chemical reaction. To understand bonds, we will first describe several of their properties. The bond strength tells us how hard it is to break a bond. Bond lengths give us valuable structural information about the positions of the atomic nuclei. Bond dipoles inform us about the electron distribution around the two bonded atoms. From bond dipoles we may derive electronegativity data useful for predicting the bond dipoles of bonds that may have never been made before.
Acids are substances that, when added to water produce hydrogen ions. Hydrogen Ions are the combination of hydrogen and water molecules. There are many types of acids, which consist of citric, hydrochloric, carbonic, sulfuric, acetic, nitric, phosphoric, and lactic acids. Acids react with zinc, magnesium, and aluminum forming hydrogen. They turn blue litmus paper red. Litmus is used to check for acidity. Acids are sour, react with metals to produce hydrogen gas, and react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas. Strong acids dissociate in water forming hydrogen ions and an anion. Weak acids partially dissociate in water, to form hydrogen ions and an anion, an anion is a negatively charged particle.