Vienna Settlement as a Reasonable and Moderate Compromise
Answer: After the Napoleonic upheaval巨變, the representatives代表of
hundreds of victoriouså‹åˆ©çš„ European states met at Vienna in 1814-15 to
redrawé‡æ–°åŠƒå®š the map版圖 of Europe. The Settlement was dominated by the
"Big Five五強", that is Castlereaghå¡è˜‡é‡Œ of Britain, Czar Alexander
I沙皇阿æ·å±±å¤§ä¸€ä¸– of Russia, Metternich梅特涅 of Austria, Hardenbergå“ˆç™»å ¡ of
Prussia and Talleyrandå¡”åŠ›è˜ of France. With their guiding principles ―
the principles of legitimacyæ£çµ±, balance of power勢力å‡è¡¡, containmentåŒ…åœ of
France, compromiseå¦¥å” and compensation補償, etc. ― they reached an
agreement. At the Congress of Vienna, a new political map of Europe
was created. The victorious states were also aimed at preventing a
recurrenceå†å‡ºç¾ of an upheaval and re-emergenceå†å´›èµ· of Napoleon
Bonaparte. Other than dividing the spoils戰利å“, they agreed to contain
France by setting up buffer statesç·©è¡åœ‹.
The Congress of Vienna was one of the borderlines界線 in European
history. The century after the Congress was rather peaceful than
before. There was no war among major powers until the outbreak of the
Crimean Warå…‹é‡Œç±³äºžæˆ°çˆ in 1854. This long period of peace was partly
attributedæ¸åŠŸæ–¼ to the balance of power that the Vienna Settlement
introduced. Thus, David Thomsonå¤§è¡›æ¹¯éœ says, "In the context of its
time以它的時代來看, the Vienna Settlement was a reasonableåˆç† and moderate溫和
compromise."
According to R. Albrecht-Carrié, "balance of power" means that all
countries had equal right to exist生å˜, and none could enter...
... middle of paper ...
... and inefficient無能的 rule
to the people. It led to the outburst爆發 of liberalçˆå–自由的 revolts動亂 in
1820-22, 1830 and finally the 1848 Revolution.
In a nutshell總而言之, David Thomson's statement說話 that the Vienna
Settlement was a "reasonable and moderate compromise" was largely
correct. Compared to the Paris Peace Settlement that dealt with the
aftermathäº‹å¾Œè™•ç† of the First World War, the Vienna Settlement was able
to produce a longer period of peace. According to David Thomson and
R.R. Palmer帕馬, nonetheless, the forces of changeæ”¹è®Šçš„åŠ›é‡ made new wine in
old bottles新酒舊瓶 impossible. At least至少 the Industrial Revolution gave
birth to a powerful middle class with modern outlooks人生觀. By the time
the war-weary generationåŽæˆ°çš„一輩 had passed, Europe was to change.
When the peace processes were to start after the finishing of World War One, there were four people who were major components in the treaty of Paris: Clemenceau, George, Orlando, and Wilson. Clemenceau wanted revenge on the German's by punishing them through the treaties because he believed that they were at fault for the war; George was in agreement with Clemenceau although he did not feel that Germany should suffer severe punishment; Orlando who wanted the irredenta to be re-established; and President Wilson of the United States of America wanted to create a mild peace with Germany in a fair way. In view of this, Wilson created fourteen points that he wanted accomplished in full as a result of the peace treaties. His fourteen points were his plan for a world peace and included plans for the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, the just settlement of colonial claims, the establishment of a League of Nations, and the evacuation of occupied territories and national self-determination. Many of his points were carried out in the Treaty of Versailles, although not all of them were successful or followed completely.
What started with an assassination of an Austrian prince unpopular in with royalty in Vienna and plotters in Belgrade ended in war. Four years of artillery, machine guns, and poison gas had ruined the countryside of Europe. Woodrow Wilson put the blame for dead millions at the feet of secret diplomacy, excessive armament, imperialism, and the lack of international cooperation. His plan for a lasting peace was presented to the world in the form of the Fourteen Points, some of which were present in the final plan for peace, the Treaty of Versailles, which faced internal opposition at home. It was the strength of this opposition, from self or fawning-historian labeled "progressives" to conservatives and isolationists, in conjunction with the intractability and incompetence of President Wilson that encouraged the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles.
Because Napoleon was able to conquer so much of Europe, the European nations met in Vienna to redraw the borders of Europe. This conference established many of the borders that are still in place today.
The Treaty of Kadesh was a peace treaty between the Egyptians and the Hittites. The treaty was created in 1258 BCE by Ramesses II and the king of the Hittites, Hattusilis. Archaeologists have found some parts of the tablet, but not the whole thing. The tablet was written in The Akkadian language which was spoken in Ancient Mesopotamia. It was found in the capital of Hittite in Turkey in 1906. Today the tablet is in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum in Turkey. The main idea of why they created this treaty was because they had fought over Kadesh, which was a city in Syria, that the Hittites had taken over and the fight had started around 1274 BCE . While both, Egyptians and Hittites had a very strong army and wanted to dominate the other, but
The Treaty of Versailles is one of the most controversial postwar resolutions ever drawn up. The leaders of the prevailing 4 nations, Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Vittorio Orlando, were the authors of this controversial document. Each leader went into Versailles with their own idea of how the world should look after the great war. However, the European leaders widely agreed that Germany should be restricted, to some extent, militarily and sanctioned economically. France demanded the most from Germany, to ensure that Germany could not recreate a war machine ever again. Specifically, France wanted to annex Alsace-Lorraine and the Rhineland to create a buffer zone between Germany and mainland France. France demanded
However you also had another player in the system, Russia. Although not quite as powerful as either of the top two, but if thrown in the mix could tip the scales toward one side or the other. The United States at this time preferred to practice a policy of isolationism, and stay out of the turbulent affairs of Europe. The constant struggle between the French and the British dominated the world scene. The French who were led by Napoleon were trying to establish an empire and dominate all of Europe. This struggle had been raging since the turn of the century. The British as in any bi-polar system were dead set on preventing this from happening. With the United States only a minor player in the international system at the time there was nothing the United States could do in this affair except continue its policy of neutrality, and isolationism. With a bi-polar international system, you are always i...
The supporters of proportional representation (James Madison, James Wilson, and Rufus King) argued that the number of members in both houses should be based on the number of people that they would represent. Since government both acted and represented the people, they believe that the government should give equal voting power to an equal number of people. Madison argues that the states should not be represented as states in national gov. (each representative should serve a district and connect the people of that district to the national government). Others argued for equal representation of the states (as in Articles of Confederation). These delegates believe that U.S. was confederation of separate states, and the national government derived
The French also made a secret agreement with Italy, as well as with the Americans. Germany also made alliances with Austria-Hungary, and Italy. (Ross 18). This alliance system, divided the continent into “armed camps,” and thereby made it more likely that such an incident could not be prevented from spreading. (Ross 52). After a lot of problems in the Balkans, caused by the newly formed states, France and Russia both felt that war was destined to come, although both Germany and Britain had shown willingness to cooperate, trying to prevent war, and to make peace. This definitely showed hope as two hostile countries tried to reach an agreement. Forced into trouble in the Balkans, the nations desperately tried to keep peace, unsuccessfully. These countries also had a lot of colonies, mostly in Africa. As they were also competing to get the greatest amount of territory there, they often crossed each other, causing several problems.
The history of the relationship between Indigenous Peoples of the North America and European settlers represents a doubtlessly tragic succession of events, which resulted in a drastic decline in Indigenous population leading to the complete annihilation of some Native groups, and bringing others to the brink of extinction. This disastrous development left the Indigenous community devastated, shaking their society to its very pillars. From the 1492 Incident and up to the 19th century the European invasion to the North America heavily impacted the social development of the Indigenous civilization: apart from contributing to their physical extermination by waging incessant war on the Indian tribes, Anglo-Americans irreversibly changed the Native lifestyle discrediting their entire set of moral guidelines. Using the most disreputable inventions of the European diplomacy, the colonizers and later the United States’ government not only turned separate Indigenous tribes against each other but have also sown discord among the members of the same tribe. One of the most vivid examples of the Anglo-American detrimental influence on the Native groups is the history of the Cherokee Nation and the U.S. Indian Removal Policy. The Cherokee removal from Georgia (along with many other Indian nations) was definitely an on-going conflict that did not start at any moment in time, but developed in layers of history between the Native Americans, settlers of various cultures, and the early U.S. government. This rich and intricate history does not allow for easy and quick judgments as to who was responsible for the near demise of the Cherokee Nation. In 1838, eight thousand Cherokees perished on a forced march out of Georgia, which came to be called the T...
...was not to preserve peace, but to preserve the sovereignty and independence of the states of Europe against potential aggressors. The basic rule was to ally against any state threatening domination. The weaker countries would seek alliance with the other weaker states. They would thus create a balance or counterweight against the state whose ascendancy they feared.
The alliance system ideated by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck kept peace in Europe but its main aim was, however, to forestall the possibility that, in the event of war, Germany would have to fight it on two fronts (basically France and Russia). This was achieved by diplomatically isolating France so that its dream of recapturing its lost provinces of Alsace-Lorraine couldn't be fulfilled. This was done by, firstly, the creation of the League of the Three Emperors or Dreikaiserbund. It was first projected as a meeting of the monarchs of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1872 and confirmed the following year, the 22nd of October 1873. Here, the very general and formless agreement was given a more solid form by military agreements promising to help any country attacked by a fourth party. And all this even though that there was mutual rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. This proved to be a concrete way to isolate France for as E. Eyck mentions, "the League ensured that neither Austria-Hungary nor Russia was available as an ally for France". At this point, Bismarck didn't consider Britain as a potential French ally as they had a long history of rivalry. Secondly, in 1887 the Reinsurance Treaty was signed with Russia in which it promised to support Russia's claims to the strait and to remain neutral in the event of war unless it attacked Austria-Hungary, the same with Russia, who promised to remain neutral unless it attacked France.
3) The Royal Grant Treaty: The royal grant agreement was an unconditional covenant which sought to ensure the rights of the servant. In other words, this treaty installed for the benefit of the grantee (the recipient). The royal grant treaty was also known as the unilateral gift and bestowal of real property for the vassal’s faithful and loyal service to the king. In this agreement, the grantee’s rights were secured and considered perpetual, inheritable, and “forever.” There are two factors that distinguished the royal grant treaty from the other form of treaties: 1) The longevity of the treaty was based upon the nature of the covenant. Not like the suzerain treaty, as a conditional document, would last as long as the vassal maintained his
The Yalta Conference was one of the most important events in history, let alone, this century. It took place from February 4 to February 11, 1945, at Yalta, Crimea, a port/resort. The three main individuals at this meeting were Churchill of Great Britain, Roosevelt of the United States and Stalin of the U.S.S.R, known back then, and now known as Russia. This meeting was to discuss the post war effects.
It has been almost a century since the first Paris Peace Conference was hold, but even until now, it is a popular yet also controversial event in the history of the world. The Paris Peace Conference took place in 1919 involving more than 1,000 representatives from over 30 nations. The results of the Conference are five treaties regarding terms that, according to the Conference, shall prevent any upcoming conflicts among nations. Although World War II started only after 15 years, nonetheless, the treaties did function as a buffer between countries. Although many resolutions were discussed, the negotiation of the Conference revolves around four main topics, reparation from the previous war losses or limitations on the main Central Power, Germany, self-recognition, President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the annexation of land.
The Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, “the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history” (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich (Beck, 238). An additional great influential representative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy (Mikaberidze, 1047). The Congress of Vienna played an important role of creating peace in the European continent after the Napoleonic War, with two significant foreign ministers of two nations, Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria and Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France.