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Chapter Three: Victims and Victimization
Victimization, essay
The evolution of the concept of victim and the study of victimology
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The word victimization means to single someone out for cruel or unwarranted treatment. Whether it is cases of the United States or overseas, there are always a form of victimization whether it is through word of the mouth or over the internet, someone somewhere is becoming a victim. Therefore, many can become a victim of chronic victimization, sometimes it can even be routine activities that can relate to these crimes that cause someone to be a victim, and there are some more crucial factors that also can be related to victimization.
Most people predict chronic victimization because it can occur after a crime has already taken place, mostly because of the personal characteristics that make them a magnet for predators to make them another
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The only thing that someone could do is educating everyone they love dear about what could cause them to be a victim of victimization. For instance, if someone out there drinks until they black out, maybe it's time to cut back and make sure that they are safer when they go out, and could be able to call a taxi or drive themselves home. What if, it comes to someone that is in college, and the female would rather go party with their guy friend of three years and he drinks more than she does, this could lead to the guy sexually assaulting the female while she is not able to give consent. The only way to prevent someone from sexually assaulting another would be making someone the lookout and making sure that if something looks out of place, then it’s time to stop everything and get them out of there, so they don’t become a victim of victimization. When it comes to lifestyle, and the victim is a child growing up in a bad area of the city, the only thing someone can do is help make them understand that it’s not safe for that child to be raised in an area that has a high crime rate because in this case they will become the predator and not the victim. On the bright side, victimologists that study all the areas and theories in victimization have laid out the facts of what people need to look for, so they can’t become a victim of routine activities theory and even chronic victimization or lifestyle victimization. Together in the United States, there is a way to stop victimization, but that must be done as a country and not just as an individual. So with that being said, it can take one person to change another person, but it will take a country to stop a dozen or more
Victimology is the scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer from illegal activities. A common struggle Victimologists face is determining who the victim is. In general, crimes don 't have an “ideal victim”. The term ideal victims refer to someone who receives the most sympathy from society (Christie, 2016). An example of this would be a hardworking, honest man who on his way to work, had his wallet taken by force. Most people in society would have sympathy for him. He spent his life making an honest living to earn what he has and was a victim of a robbery. Victimologists study the interactions victims have with criminals, society, and the criminal justice system (Karmen, 2015). According to (Karmen, 2015)
Victimization is what happens to a person as when another person deliberately harms them, assaults them physically, sexually or even mentally as well as if they purposely took their possessions or property without the other persons consent. People are victimized every day and all over the world. Violent acts happen to everyday people in their homes, at their work places or just about anywhere. These horrific acts are brought to our attention by the several different types of media outlets. But there are people who are subject to this type of violence that we do not hear about and they are inmates in our correctional facilities.
In the world today, racism and discrimination is one of the major issues being faced with. Racism has existed throughout the world for centuries and has been the primary reasons for wars, conflicts, and other human calamities all over the planet. It has been a part of America since the European colonization of North America beginning in the 17th century. Many people are not aware of how much racism still exist in our schools, workforces, and anywhere else that social lives are occurring. It started from slavery in America to caste partiality in India, down to the Holocaust in Europe during World War II.
Sexual assault is defined as a type of behaviour that occurs without explicit consent from the recipient and under sexual assault come various categories such as sexual activities as forces sexual intercourse, incest, fondling, attempted rape and more (Justice.gov. 2017). People often become victims of sexual assault by someone they know and trust (Mason & Lodrick, 2013) which is conflicting to the public’s perception and beliefs that offenders are strangers. Women are the main victims for sexual assault and are 5 times more likely to have been a victim of sexual assault from a male (Wright, 2017, p. 93). Men are victims of sexual assault however only 0.7% of men, compared to 3.2% of women, experience some form of sexual assault which highlights how vulnerable women are compared to men. Sexual assault is publicised and exposed in the media, however is often
A victim advocate is someone who helps people who are victims of a crime or sexual abuse. They are usually only referred to as victim advocates, however they can be called victim coordinators, victim specialists, or victim service providers.
First we need to look at what is Victimology and where did it come from? The origins of Victimology can be traced back to the 1940’s to the 1950’s and early 1960’s it erupted after World War II to seek and understand the relationship between criminal and victim. It began when criminologist had came together to examine the victims of crime at a university. ‘Criminology is the science upon which victimology is founded’ (Wallace; Roberson 2) and when two criminologists, “The founding fathers of Victimology” Mendelsohn and Von Hentig first began the field of victimology by using charts and analysis of different types of crimes of victims. They studied the behaviors and vulnerabilities of victims like, rape victims and murder victims. How some of the ways that some of us can relate to of what a victim is. As Wallace; Roberson writes:
Victim Avina also audio recorded a recent incident which Suspect Avina was yelling and using profanity. I listened to the recording and heard Suspect Avina yelling and using profanity toward Victim Avina. While I was listening to the recording, I saw that Victim Avina became upset and began
From the origins of criminal victimization, we begin with blaming the offended. (Silverii). Still what is more baffling is to question whether or not it is one's duty to make sure victims won't be victimized again or if victims of a crime that are unreported should even be considered victims. There are three main issues that are provided through victimology and these are context, connections, and investigative direction (Turvey). Most victims are not just victims they're perceived by a criminal as an ideal victim. An ‘ideal victim’ is someone who has played no part in their victimization by an offender who was solely responsible for the incident. In the early 1970s, research by the National Opinion Research Center and the President's Commission on Law Enforcement, and the Administration of Justice indicated that many crimes were not reported to police. A lot of times victims are not prepared for the insensitive and unpleasant treatment they may incur from the police, hospitals, and judicial system. In response, the U.S. Census Bureau began conducting the annual National Crime Victimization Survey in 1973. The survey provides the largest national forum for victims to describe the impact of crime and characteristics of violent offenders. The data includes type of crime, month, time, and location of the crime; relationship between victim and offender; characteristics of the offender; self-protective actions taken by the victim during the incident and results of those actions; consequences of the victimization; type of property lost; whether the crime was reported to the police and reasons for reporting or not reporting; and offender use of weapons, drugs, and alcohol.
A hate crime is a crime motivated by several reasons that include religion, sexual orientation, race, nationality, gender etc. It typically involves physical violence, intimidation, threats and other means against the individual that is being targeted. It is a crime against the person and it can have a devastating impact on the victim. Several argue that hate crimes should be punished more severely. However, it is not a crime to hate someone or something if it does not lead to some sort of criminal offense.
There are many forms of victimization which include, stalking, robbery, domestic violence, rape, sexual misconduct, assault, sexual harassment, and various others. Some individual risk factors include, young age, prior victimization, low education level, employment status (citation). The scenario reviewed for this assignment discusses an 8-year-old girl that has been victimized by her father. Evelyn lives at home with both her parents and one younger sibling, her family relocated recently to a new home at father insistence (Laureate Education, 2012). The main influence for Evelyn’s victimization is the victim offender relationship. The family relationship between victim and offender is that of a parental figure and their child. This relationship
With each of these types of victimization, the victim or victims are subjected to physical, mental and emotional damages. Most victims who have been victimized could potentially have a relationship or had a relationship of some sort with the offenders. To understand how or why someone becomes some victims, one must understand the theories of victimization. According to the Criminal Justice there are four known theories of victimizations. The first is The Victim Precipitation Theory stating, victims themselves may initiate, either passively or actively, the criminal act that ultimately leads to injury or death. During passive precipitation, the victim unconsciously exhibits behaviors or characteristics that instigate or encourage the attack. Active precipitation, on the other hand, is the opposite of the afore-described. Victimization under this theory occurs through the threatening or provocative actions of the victim. Second is The Lifestyle which purports that individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choices, and that these lifestyle choices expose them to criminal offenders, and situations in which crimes may be committed. In addition to theorizing that victimization is not random, but rather a part of the lifestyle the victims pursues, the lifestyle theory cites research that victims "share personality traits
Victim precipitation refers to the role or responsibility that a victim has in their own victimization. In the first generation of victimization theories and victimologist the idea of victim precipitation was studied and thought to be a piece of the whole picture of a crime committed. As time progressed it was not thought to be as much as a factor.
A writer from Southernct stated a fact that “ men, women, and children of all ages, races, religions, and economic classes have been victims of sexual assault. Sexual assault occurs in rural areas, small towns, and larger cities” ( “Southernct” 1). We have all seen on the news a case where a female has been raped and somehow the world makes us believe that it was her own fault that it happened. This is due to victim blaming. Victim blaming occurs when the victim of some sort of crime or wrongdoing is held partially or fully responsible for what happened to them. It is not always easy to identify though. Some people would be considered to be victim blaming over every day situations in life. For example, someone making the
Victim blaming refers to the victim being held responsible for the acts committed against them. Much of victim blaming stems from the traditional ideologies of gender, where women are perceived as inferior to men. These underlying views contribute to sexual assault cases involving female victims and male perpetrators, where the fault lies with the victim. The recent case involving a Stanford student, Brock Turner, who sexually assaulted an unconscious woman, Emily Doe, brought about much public controversy. Though Brock had clear motives for his actions and there was physical proof that he was at fault, allegations against the victim were constantly made. In the trial statement the victim writes, “I was told he hired a powerful attorney, expert witnesses, private investigators who were going to try and find details about my personal
Have you ever experienced child abuse before? Think about the children who have been abused. They cannot protect themselves from it. Most of them are so small they don’t know what’s going on. Child Abuse has been around for many and many years, but nobody knows a way to stop it. Child Abuse is not only a bad problem, but it’s a problem that has to be stopped.