Vernonia School District V. Acton (1996)
analytical Essay
1761 words
Vernonia School District v. Acton was a US Supreme court decision that aims to uphold the constitutionality affecting random drug testing implemented by local public schools in Vernonia, Oregon States. This provision mandates student athletes to undergo drug testing before they are going to be allowed to participate in sporting activities. This particular measure established by the constitution stated that it propagates any illegal use of any prohibited substances for students in order to preserve the integrity of the society in particular with handling against drug use. An official investigation led to the discovery that high school athletes in the Vernonia School District participated in illicit drug use. School officials were concerned that drug use increases the risk of sports-related injury. Consequently, the Vernonia School District of Oregon adopted the Student Athlete Drug Policy which authorizes random urinalysis drug testing of its student athletes Substance abuse materials may include marijuana, which is cannabis that is commonly used by teens. Marijuana is a prohibited substance using a process .The shredded pieces are going to be wrapped around by a sheet of paper and then it can be used as a cigarette to be smoked by the user (Mortison: p. 89). Using marijuana is considered illegal especially for student athletes because it endures bad image against other individuals to reckon the reputation of the school. Also, student athletes were considered role models in the school, and the district hoped that combatting athlete’s use of drugs would influence the rest of the school. The decision of the Supreme Court regarding the use of screening procedures to student athletes has been incorrect. . After an intense beginnin... ... middle of paper ... ... is one that a reasonable guardian and tutor might undertake.” And he concluded that given the mission of public schools, and the circumstances of this case, the searches required by the school board's policy were “reasonable” and thereby permissible under the Constitution's 4th Amendment. Works Cited Andrews, Mackenson. Principles of Morality. Seattle: Ponster Printing, pages 89-92. 2010. Print. Gevinson, Matilda. Ethical Rules on Sport’s Justice. Dallas: East Dallas Times, page 21. 2008. Print Harry, Patrick Hayes. Consequences of using marijuana in Athlete’s Health. Journal on Health. Chicago: Chicago University Press, pages 56-57. 2007. Print. Mortison, Imelda. Effects of pots in the Human Body. New York: Academic Press, pages 87-89. 2009. Print. Taylor, Hopkins. Substance abuse issues to Offending Athletes. Miami: Beachwood Press, pages 35-37. 2009. Print.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the supreme court's decision regarding the use of screening procedures to student athletes was incorrect. the ninth circuit court found the case was under a lawmaking body.
- Analyzes how the district court ruled that the drug testing program served a "compelling need" which favored the district. the ninth circuit court of appeals reversed its finding in favor of acton.
- Opines that justice scalia opposed the privacy concern in detail saying that "sports is not for the bashful".
- Argues that the supreme court's decision regarding drug test screening in vernonia is a consequence of utilitarianism.
- Explains that vernonia school district v. acton is a us supreme court decision that upholds the constitutionality affecting random drug testing implemented by local public schools in oregon.
- Explains that new jersey vs. t.l.o. (1985) was relevant because that case determined that 'the fourteenth amendment extends the constitutional guarantee to searches and seizures by state officers.
- Argues that the prohibition on the use of marijuana is an act of goodwill to those athletes who are honest for participating in sports competition without taking advantage against others for self gratification.
- Explains gevinson, matilda, and mortison's research on the effects of marijuana on athletes' health.
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- Explains that the 1998 drug scandal tarnished the tour de france and the reputation and image of other sports. the scandal affected advertisements, sales, and without question the 1999 tour and lance armstrong.
- Opines that future tours will be significantly affected. the union cycliste internationale and other sports officials are left with burning questions.
- Explains that cycling, a grueling, yet glamorous sport in europe, has been fighting drug use and abuse until the 1998 scandal occurred.
- Explains that tommy simpson died during the tour de france because of amphetamines, while michel pollentier was suspended for concealing a clean urine sample to trick testers. pedro delgado won in 1988 despite testing positive for using masking agents.
- Opines that doping incidents were considered minor in comparison to the sandal of 1998. nowhere has the disgrace of doping been felt more dramatically than in the tour de france.
- Narrates how festina's team masseur, willy voet, crossed the french-belgian border and was checked by french customs authorities. he confessed that it was not the first time he'd ferried such a haul of performance-enhancing dope to big races.
- Explains that the festina manager informed the police that controlled doping had been introduced to safeguard the riders' health and wellbeing.
- Explains that police rough handling, revelations, dismissals and strikes occurred each day of the tour. most riders admitted to some level of involvement with the festina drug program.
- Analyzes how the tour de france became a divisive and controversial topic in the french media. the festina team was famous in french society for its victories and strength.
- Explains that the media, government and sports officials, race organizers, and private individuals have taken widely differing positions on what should be done next to clean up cycling.
- Opines that if the war against drugs is not waged and won, cycling could be plunged in a dark era due to its tarnished reputation.
- Explains that tour de france director general jean-marie leblanc is taking a tough stand against the cheaters in an interview with the paris daily "france-soir."
- Analyzes how the daily telegraph interviewed ordinary cyclists who train at a 5km circuit near central paris. one rider jean liguez said, "drug taking is an open secret."
- States that the new york times of august 3 delineated the new french law, saying it would take drug controls out of the hands of all sports federations and put them under ity of a new nine-member state council.
- Opines that the drug scandal was an embarrassment to france, but nobody who reads the sports pages could have been surprised. performance-boosting drugs are becoming as common as gatorade.
- Explains that festina was sponsoring richard virenque, the official timekeeper of the tour, who was extremely popular in europe.
- Explains that the "tour de france" had a reputation for being safe, clean, and pure, which was one of the reasons why the race was so popular in france.
- Explains that business owners were not the only ones embarrassed by the scandals, the seriousness of which was just beginning to be felt at the time.
- Opines that it will take years for the tour to regain the grandeur it once had.
- Narrates how even daniel baal, the president of the french cycling federation, was rocked by the crises.
- Explains that jean-marie leblanc, the director of the tour, was ordered by the world cycling federation to permit richard virenque, a former rider for festina, to compete in 1999.
- Explains that richard virenque admitted to being supplied with performance enhancing drugs after police revealed the contents of a taped telephone conversation between him and his attorney bertrand lavelot.
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- Analyzes how frank vanderbrouke, a rider for the team cofidis in 1999, captured the disgust of other cyclists when he said: "i was stupefied [...] it is not very intelligent to now admit it."
- Analyzes how virenque's denial of his drug use angered many. he vehemently maintained his innocence, as he was called before legal authorities investigating the "festina affair".
- Analyzes how the doping incidents of the tour of 1998 affected the sport's reputation, media coverage, and advertisers, as well as the 1999 tour.
- Analyzes how the union cycliste internationale cleared armstrong, the u.s. postal rider, after a recent drug test revealed trace amounts of cortisone in his urine sample.
- Analyzes how armstrong's focus on his last day was on the newspaper report that a french laboratory test had revealed trace amounts of corticoids in the urine sample submitted on july 4.
- Opines that armstrong admitted that the strain of such accusations was affecting his outlook and his cycling.
- Argues that armstrong's story was too good to be true when he became only the second american to win the most challenging cycling event in the world.
- Opines that lance armstrong's story of valor should inspire cancer patients and non-cancer patients alike. he has a stronger will than any athlete they've ever seen.
- Compares the 1999 tour de france with 1998, when eight teams withdrew or were expelled for alleged drug use. riders were subjected to perhaps the most rigorous testing in sports history.
- Explains that the 1999 tour riders may have been the most exhaustively tested athletes ever. the final tally of positive drug tests during the race was zero.
- Analyzes how armstrong adamantly denied using illicit substances and passed three blood and 15 urine tests during the tour.
- Explains that dick pound, who heads an international olympic committee working group, will oversee year-round out-of-competition drug testing. the agency will also help direct drug-testing research and coordinate with sports federations.
- Explains that doping scandals and rumors tarnish the athlete's reputation, notoriety, and fame. frank vanderbrouk was accused of taking drugs after winning the liege-bastogne-liege race.
- Explains that performance-enhancing drug use has plagued virtually all sports in recent years. the drug testing procedure is as easy as taking a urine sample.
- Opines that elite athletes are subject to year-round random testing, so an independent sampling officer may call unannounced and request a drug sample. drug testing is unpleasant but seems to be here to stay.
- Analyzes how the pressure to dope is high for athletes because taking drugs means higher performance and huge prize money. the millisecond difference between gold and silver can amount to millions in endorsement contracts and appearance fees.
- Analyzes how voet, the former festina employee, said cycling is painful, brutal, and easy. the tour de france covers more than 2,000 miles, many in the alps.
- Opines that most riders of the festina team admitted having taken some drugs. meier and zulle confessed to knowingly using epo.
- Explains the purpose of a huge survey done in 1999 to determine the reasons why elite athletes felt compelled to use banned substances in sports.
- Explains that athletes seek every competitive advantage and the rewards of success at the top level are great, both financially and in terms of personal glory.
- Lists the drugs banned by the international olympic committee, for any kind of sports, including stimulants, analgesics, and anabolic steroids.
- Explains that beta blockers are used to control the effects of anxiety and to produce bradycardia. diuritics increase urine volume and dilution to make detection of small quantities easier.
- Opines that the sudden and unexplained death of some endurance athletes may be associated with uncontrolled use of erythropoietin.
- Explains that pharmacological, chemical, and physical manipulation of the drug testing procedure is prohibited. alcohol, marijuana and local anaesthetics are subject to restriction.
- Explains that caffeine is not a banned substance due to its widespread social use and presence in many beverages. however, the concentration of caffeine in the urine should not exceed 12 mug/ml.
- Explains that athletes have to pay attention to all medicine they take because drugs available on prescription and "over the counter" to treat common conditions can contain banned substances.
- Opines that uci and other sports officials are left with several burning questions: do they seek a better testing system?
- Explains that the 1999 tour de france was the first time the drug testing was so strict and effective due to the 1998 scandal. the uci was trying to regain a good reputation by avoiding scandals.
- Cites anshel, mark h., begley, sharon, brant, martha, et al.
- Analyzes clarey, christopher, and abt, samuel. "drugs scandals bedevil opening of tour de france future of famed race in question."
- Opines that armstrong's miraculous comeback from cancer to a tour victory is worthy of an exclamation point.
- Cites neff, craig, phillips, ian, and pelkey, charles. "etxebarria takes pau; armstrong answers drug charge."
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In this essay, the author
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- Explains that james acton, a seventh grader, and his parents refused to sign the consent forms to allow testing to occur. they argued that the testing policy infringed on james' fourth and fourteenth amendment rights.
- Explains how the district court dismissed acton's suit seeking injunctive relief, and the ninth circuit appeals court granted the injunction stating the fourth and fourteenth amendment rights were violated by the drug testing policy.
- States that the court stated that special needs exist in public schools, and that student-athletes are choosing to be in a more regulated industry.
- Explains that children have always been afforded fewer rights, and this case was no different. the issue of privacy was also involved in the case. interscholastic athletics implies communal undress.
- Recommends following vernonia's lead when implementing a drug testing procedure at their school. they kept the results confidential and did not report positive tests to authorities. the rehabilitation component should be key if education is truly the goal of interscholastic athletics
551 wordsRead More