Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
descriptive epidemiological analysis of lyme
descriptive epidemiological analysis of lyme
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: descriptive epidemiological analysis of lyme
Lyme disease (LD) is the most frequently occurring vector-borne illness in the United States (Bratton, Edwards, Engle, Hovan, & Whiteside, 2008). The number of reported cases of LD has grown exponentially since its discovery in the 1970’s. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported over 17,000 cases of LD in 2000 and by 2009 that number had risen to 38,000 (Shapiro & Gerber, 2000). Along with the increasing number of cases reported, the geographic area of LD has also expanded. When LD was initially discovered the disease was largely contained to the eastern states between Maine and Maryland, and the Midwest, mainly Minnesota and Wisconsin (Alao & Decker, 2012). More recently cases have been reported in northern California, Oregon and even as far north as Canada and Scandinavia. Data suggests that climate change may have affected the geographic shift and spread of Lyme disease (Bhate & Schwartz, 2011).
Pathophysiology
Lyme disease is acquired by the spread of spirochete bacteria, B. burgdorferi, to its host through the bite of an infected tick, specifically of the Ixodes species (Shapiro & Gerber, 2000). The tick must attach to its host for several hours before transmission occurs. If the tick is able to feed for more than 24-36 hours it transmits salivary secretions into the human host which contains the causative bacteria (Alao & Decker, 2012). The risk of transmission becomes significant when the tick feeds for 48 hours or longer (Shapiro & Gerber, 2000). Most ticks are relatively easy to spot when on the body. However, if the parasite moves into areas that are less easily detected such as the groin, armpits or scalp the risk of transmission due to longer feeding time increases (Alao & Decker, 2012). Ticks ...
... middle of paper ...
...own tick bite in which the tick was able to feed for at least 36 hours (Bhate & Schwartz, 2011). However, the use of prophylaxis has been the subject of debate due to concerns of antibiotic resistance.
Works Cited
Alao, O. R., & Decker, C. F. (2012, June). Lyme disease. Disease a month, 58, 335-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2012.03.005
Bhate, C., & Schwartz, R. A. (2011, April). Lyme disease. CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION, 619-636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.03.047
Bratton, R. L., Edwards, F. D., Engle, R. L., Hovan, M. J., & Whiteside, J. W. (2008, May). Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83, 566-571. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com
Shapiro, E. D., & Gerber, M. A. (2000, August). Lyme disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 31, 533-542. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4482329
On December 15, the patient comes in for his check up. The physician tells the patient his blood test was positive for Lyme and prescribes the patient antibiotics. However the patient now tells the doctor that he is still experiencing the weakness and fatigue even after the doctor’s advice. He also says he is having slight trouble swallowing foods and speech has become slurred and nasally at times. Due to the patients broad range of symptoms, the physician suggests the patient either get an electromyography o...
Lyme borreliosis is caused from the bacterial spirochete B. burgdorferi (“A History of Lyme”). It is a zoonotic disease carried by vectors and transmitted biologically (Tortora, Funke, and Case, 410). Lyme borreliosis has diverse symptoms, from a rash to neurological problems (Tortora, Funke, and Case, 651). The recommended treatment is antibiotics, but even with treatment some people still experience post treatment lyme disease syndrome (CDC). It is an Emerging Infectious Disease and is endemic in areas of the United States (CDC).
Animals may be in poor condition, anaemic. Infestations will be obvious by the presence of engorged ticks attached to the
Lyme disease is one of the seven most common diseases reported in the United States to the CDC annually (www.cdc.gov). The rates have gone from 10,000 cases in 1992 to over 30,000 cases in 2009. 95% of these cases were found in the northeast and Midwest regions of the United States (Committee on Lyme Disease, 2011) . More cases happen in this area of the country due to the close proximity of deer to population. The bite itself isn’t the problem, rather the pathogen being spread in mammals from the bite. Lyme disease occurs when a tick penetrates the skin of mammals and the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi enters. Borrelia burgdorferi is carried by ticks named the Ixodes dammini, which is the main vector for Lyme disease. These may also be known as I. scapularis, and may be found on deer (Schilling-McCann, 2010). ¬¬¬In addition to Lyme Disease, ticks may also carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever or Tularemia (Smeltzer et al, 2010).
According to Public Health England estimates, there are 2,000 to 3,000 cases of Lyme disease in England and Wales every year, and that close to 15%-20% of cases happen while people out of the country. The Lake District, Exmoor, the New Forest in Hampshire, parts of Wiltshire and Berkshire, Thetford Forest in Norfolk, the Yorkshire Moors, and the Scottish Highlands are areas of the United Kingdom with a high p...
You wouldn’t think the carrier of this disease would come from a little mosquito bite but it does.
"Bloodborne Pathogens : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
This disease has many symptoms. These symptoms are similar or same to many other illnesses. That is the reason why many doctors get confused when they were researching this disease. There are three stages of symptoms for the disease. In the first stage, the Erythema Migrans, a bull’s eye rash might appear on the bitten area. In the second stage, the Disseminated Lyme Disease, you may experience a fever, sore throat, fatigue, headache, stiff neck, muscle ache, and general malaise. In the third stage, the Chronic Lyme Disease, you may experience aching joints.
Imagine being sick for months and months. Each day you discover new symptoms, and the ones you already had are continually getting worse. You go to the doctors because it has reached a point where you have Googled all your symptoms, Web MD says you are dying, The doctor says that your labs came back normal and therefore “it's all in your head”. The eventual diagnosis was Lyme Disease which is a vector-borne illness, that is transmitted by an insect bite, spider bite, and in some cases sexually transmitted. The effects of the disease on a Lyme patient’s body differentiates from person to person due to the fact that Lyme is not the only infection you acquire when you develop Lyme Disease. Lyme bacteria
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States. It was first observed in a cluster of children from Lyme, Connecticut who presented with symptoms of arthritis. The sickness is created by Borrelia burgdorferi, sensu stricto, which was initially recognized in 1982. In spite of the fact that the greater part of cases are accounted for from the northeastern, north focal, and Pacific waterfront districts of the nation, a few hundred cases every year are accounted for from the southern United States. People and a few creatures get this illness when they are bitten by ticks tainted with borrelia burgdorferi.
Check out some amazing tips and Lyme won’t be able to touch you at all.
Lyme Disease is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States as well as Europe. While Lyme disease is not found in all areas of the United States, it was the seventh most common notifiable disease in the year 2012 (CDC). Not only is the number of Lyme Disease cases rising, but 95% of the confirmed cases are from only thirteen states, these states being Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin (CDC). Lyme Disease is a growing problem in the Northeast and Midwest United States, and the public should have a basic knowledge on the disease, and how it can be prevented to decrease the Lyme Disease cases worldwide.
It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick (CDC). Symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, and skin rash. If left untreated or not treated properly with antibiotics, the infection can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system (CDC). Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on symptoms and possibility of exposure to an infected tick. Most patients with Lyme disease are cured with antibiotics within a few weeks. Currently, no vaccine is available to protect against Lyme disease, but preventative measures can be taken to reduce the risk of infection such as repellent, checking for ticks, removing ticks properly and wearing the proper clothing when outside
Symptoms of the disease begin to occur shortly after being bitten. A chancre forms around where the person has been bitten and soon the parasite enters the lymphatic system. The immune response it triggers in the immune system causes the lymph nodes to swell especially on the necks. The severe swelling of the lymph nodes on the dorsal side of the neck is known as Winterbottom’s sign, and is a tell-tale sign of sleeping sickness. The parasite soon finds its way into the blood stream after invading the lymphatic system. From the bloodstream, the parasite is free to travel and harm any organ and cause damage all throughout the body. The parasite targets smooth and skeletal muscle and is often fatal because of the damage it causes to cardiac muscle. The disease begins to wreak havoc on the nervous system when the parasite enters the brain which constitutes stage II trypanosomiasis. The person’s sleep cycles are disrupted, and fatigue, insomnia, and confusion...
Lyme isn't exactly new. It's been documented for at least 100 years. So, why now? Well, we've reached a tipping point in health where people are sick, really sick all the time. That makes it easier for all illnesses to spread. In addition, lyme comes with several other bacterial co-infections that help it hide.