Vaccines and the Prophylactic use of Antipyretics
explanatory Essay
2523 words
Background Many parents express concern and worry over their child developing fever after receiving vaccines. Because of this, parents often choose to medicate their child with antipyretics in order to prevent this unpleasant side effect. According to Pedulla (2012), it was previously common practice by pediatric health care provides to recommend using an antipyretic prior to the administration of immunizations in order to reduce fever and discomfort experienced by the patient until a study done by Prymula and colleagues in 2009 showed evidence that these types of medications caused a decline in primary antibody response. Current practice in most pediatric clinics is not standardized when it comes to the administration of antipyretics and immunizations. There are healthcare providers who will order a dose of acetaminophen for a child to be given prior to administering immunizations, some providers send patients home with a prescription of acetaminophen or ibuprofen to be given once a child returns home, yet others tell parents to avoid the use of acetaminophen or ibuprofen until a child actually has a fever. So which practice is correct? Does the prophylactic use of antipyretics prior to the administration of immunizations decrease the efficacy of the vaccine? What education should be given to parents regarding the use of acetaminophen and ibuprofen before immunizations? These are the questions behind the proposal to research the outcomes of administering antipyretics, such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, prior to immunization and its effect on vaccine effectiveness. Statement of Significance When it comes to immunizations, nurses are at the front lines. Most of all childhood immunizations are administered by nurses in a vari... ... middle of paper ... ...rics, 13(1), 98. Simmons, S. (1990). The health-promoting self-care system model: Directions for nursing research and practice. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 15(10), 1162-1166. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1990.tb01708.x Sorensen, R., Paris, K. (2012). Assessing the immunologic response to vaccination. In R. Stiehm (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodateonline.com. Sullivan, J.E., & Farrar, F.C. (2011). Fever and antipyretic use in children. Pediatrics, 127(3), 580-587. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Code of federal regulations: Protection of human subjects. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/commonrule/ Wallenstein, M. B., Schroeder, A. R., Hole, M. K., Ryan, C., Fijalkowski, N., Alvarez, E., & Carmichael, S. L. (2012). Fever literacy and fever phobia. Clinical Pediatrics, 52(3), 254-259. doi:10.1177/0009922812472252
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the prophylactic use of antipyretics prior to immunizations decreases the efficacy of the vaccine.
- Opines that nurses are at the front lines when it comes to immunizations, and that they should be educated about current and up-to-date research findings in regards to antipyretics.
- Explains that the purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of vaccines when antipyretics are administered prophylactically prior to immunizations.
- Describes the effects of prophylactic administration of antipyretics (acetaminophen and ibuprofen) on vaccine efficacy.
- Explains that when antipyretics are administered prophylactically, the efficacy of vaccines is reduced due to interference with immune response.
- Explains that the review of literature was performed using both cinhal and medline databases. the initial review focused on clinical trails related to vaccines and the use of antipyretics.
- Explains how antipyretics, such as acetaminophen, work to produce immunity and how immunity is evaluated.
- Explains that only one study addressed the prophylactic use of antipyretics and its’ effects on vaccine efficacy.
- Opines that more research is needed to ensure that the practice of administering prophylactic antipyretics to children receiving vaccines is not causing possible harm by decreasing antibody response.
- Explains the chosen methodology that will be used for this research study. the design, sample, procedures, data collection and data analysis of this study are explained.
- Explains that a quantitative experimental study design will be used to construct the randomized controlled trial (rct) consisting of two study groups, one treatment group, and one control group.
- Explains that the study participants will be infants ages 6-8 weeks at the time of enrollment. exclusion criteria for this study include those with contraindications for acetaminophen use, hepatitis b (hbv), polio (ivp), haemophilus influenzae type b, pcv, and/or rotavirus.
- Explains that the recruitment of study participants will take place at a military treatment facility in the southwestern united states. enrollment will be offered to parents by the pediatric clinic during the two-week well baby appointment.
- Explains that participants will be randomized into one of two groups by sas statistical software. the treatment group will receive four weight-based doses of acetaminophen after vaccination.
- Explains that antibody responses will be determined by indirect antibody-antigen testing, also known as antibody titers, using blood or serum samples to test for antibodies that have formed due to exposure to a particular antigen.
- Explains that the objective of the study is to determine whether acetaminophen has an effect on antibody response, whether positive or negative.
- Explains that informed consent will be obtained from the parents of all enrolled study participants. the federal policy for the protection of human subjects is adhered to.
- Explains that because the study requires participants to follow up in one month, there is the possibility that some participants may drop out before follow-up data is collected. the military population is highly mobile and changes of duty station occur often.
- Describes the recommendations for the prophylactic use of analgesics and antipyretics.
- Proposes the health-promoting self-care system model as an organizing perspective for explaining the cumulative and interactive relationships among factors which influence the decision-making, performance, and outcomes of health-promoting lifestyles.
- Explains that fever phobia is due to a lack of parental understanding and education regarding fever. prophylactic antipyretics should not be routinely recommended.
- Introduces the practice of nursing research: appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence.
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- The Debate Over Vaccinations for Adults and Childrenopinionated essayA very controversial issue these days is whether or not to receive immunizations. I am a young mother and I tend to follow my mothers and doctors’ advice when it comes to mine and my children’s health, I feel as though my doctor has the best advice on how I can keep us all happy and healthy, however this is not the case for everyone. Many questions have arisen about immunizations and there are quite a few people who are either hesitant to or will not have themselves and their children immunized.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that many people are hesitant to or won't have themselves and their children immunized.
- Opines that vaccinations for children and adults should be mandatory. without them, we would continue infecting each other with different diseases.
- Explains that vaccines are given in order to develop immunity from diseases. but why would you want to risk letting your child get sick?
- Explains that vaccines are made with the bacteria or viruses that cause the disease. they have been weekend or even killed in order to make them safe.
- Explains that most childhood vaccines are 90-99% effective in preventing disease. however, some children who have been vaccinated do get the disease; they have milder symptoms with less serious complications than a child who has not had the same vaccination.
- Explains that an outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in nicaragua caused high mortality and hospitalization. a case study showed that seasonal outbreaks could be diminished.
- Explains that rotavirus gastroenteritis is not the only disease that has been an issue. polio paralyzed about 37,000 and killed about 1,700 every year in the 1950’s.
- Opines that vaccinations are necessary to protect ourselves, our family, and our way of life.
- Explains why some people choose not to get vaccinated. they do not believe that the government should be able to require vaccinations.
- Opines that vaccinations aren't necessary for diseases like whooping cough, measles, and scarlet fever. unvaccinated children build and strengthen their immune systems by fighting off the diseases by developing a natural immunity.
- Explains that some people believe that immunizations trigger other issues such as anaphylactic shock, paralysis, sudden death, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, autism and add/adhd.
- Analyzes the vaccine information statements provided by the u.s. department of health and human services on several different vaccinations. mild problems include fever, diarrhea, mild rash, soreness, itching, fatigue, and severe allergic reactions.
- Opines that it is important to weigh the possible complications of the vaccination to the diseases that the vaccine is for.
- Opines that immunizations can cause complications, but would you rather have a child that has developed adhd because of vaccinations, or
- Analyzes the cost-minimization analysis of the u.s. army accession screening and immunization program.
1045 wordsRead More - Parents Should Have More Say in Vaccinating Childrenexplanatory essayEven though many of us trust our doctors without fail, many parents are choosing to take a different approach these days when it comes to vaccinations. Many are choosing a delayed vaccination schedule for their children, while others are choosing to forego many vaccinations that are viewed as essential by the medical community. Even though there is much evidence to support the need and effectiveness of many vaccinations used in the United States, parents should have the right to choose, not the government, whi...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that some parents choose to get their children vaccinated according to the recommended standards set forth by the cdc.
- Analyzes the findings of robert w. sears, md in an article published by webmd. he suggests a staggered approach to vaccinations for those concerned with side effects.
- Explains that gardasil and hpv infection: get the facts. nvic.org.
- Narrates how they followed the doctor's orders and gained a whopping 60 pounds during their pregnancy. many parents are choosing to forego vaccinations that are viewed as essential by the medical community.
- Explains that despite the benefits of vaccinations, many skeptics walk a fine line of fear, gambling with their children's health.
- Explains that many parents choose not to vaccinate their children, despite studies showing the benefits of immunizations.
- Explains that a social contract is an unspoken rule that people should follow. by choosing not to vaccinate, you run the risk of your child picking up an illness and spreading it.
- Summarizes diekema, douglas s., and glazer, sarah. "how vaccines prevent disease." cdc.gov. centers for disease control and prevention.
- Describes the history of vaccines, the college of physicians of philadelphia, and harvard women's health watch.
1940 wordsRead More - The Debate Over Vaccinationanalytical essayGetting a shot can be a scary experience for children and their parents. Vaccinations protect children from dangerous infections by introducing a weak or dead pathogen triggering the body to defend itself. Sometimes these pathogens can harm the child which makes some parents wonder if the risk is worth the reward. Two opposing articles on immunization will be analyzed to determine which argument is more successful.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that getting a shot can be scary for children and their parents. vaccinations protect children from dangerous infections by introducing weak or dead pathogens triggering the body to defend itself.
- Analyzes how chanda cooper-warren's article, "immunization is a question of science, not faith: how i evaluated the immunization 'debate'," was written without any medical credentials.
- Analyzes how andrew saul maintains a position against immunization in his article, "vaccinations and children".
- Opines that vaccination is a question of science, not faith: how i evaluated the immunization "debate"
- Compares the strengths and weaknesses of each article. warren's article needs inquiries into the validity of her statements and facts, while saul’s could benefit from verification that his references are not contradicted by new information.
654 wordsRead More - This article is focused on the risks associated with vaccinations. Many of the popularized vaccine-adverse events are over dramatized on the internet by anti-vaccine activists. Because these people are anti-vaccination activists their information most likely contains bias, making their information unreliable. This article outlines some of the risks perceived by the public then gives scientific explanations negating the risk. In this study, subjects were asked to pretend they were the parent of an infant whose doctor recommended a certain vaccination. They were then told different information about this vaccine, including possible side effects and risks. Throughout the study, the severity of the risk increased and decreased to test whether the parent would react differently.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes betsch, cornelia, and sachse's "debunking vaccination myths: strong risk negations can increase perceived
- Explains that anti-vaccine activists over-dramatize vaccine-adverse events, making their information unreliable. the article outlines some of the risks perceived by the public then gives scientific explanations negating the risk.
- Explains that cornelia betsch and katharina sachse conducted a well-conducted, bias-free study. subject groups were used, statistical tests were performed, and references were listed.
- Explains that the study focuses on united states born parents living king county, washington with children ranging from 3 to 18 months.
- States brunson's article explains procedures and why they were used to be in compliance with regulations. the data is shown in a table at the end of the article.
- Explains that exemptions on required vaccinations used to be more challenging to receive; they were only granted for religious beliefs and medical reasons. the effectiveness of vaccination depends largely on herd immunity.
- Analyzes how the tribune business news article proves that too many exemptions are being given, potentially compromising herd immunity.
- Argues that the topic of exemptions for vaccinating should not be political, but a civic duty.
- Explains that the article was written by erin edinger-turoff at temple university, philadelphia, pa. it makes valid points in pointing out vaccinations are not a matter for political debates.
- Explains that the immune system of children with cancer is compromised by the disease itself and the treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy.
- Opines that susanna esposito, valerio cecinati, letizia brescia, and nicola principi's article is a reliable source. the language is clear and free of bias.
- Explains that dr. william good concluded that there is no connection between retinal hemorrhages and vaccinations.
- States that the article was written by dr. william good, from the smith-kettlewell eye research institute in san francisco, california.
- Explains that the study focused on the rate of exemptions from the pertussis vaccination because of religious reasons in new york.
- Explains that the study was conducted to describe the rate of exemptions given for religious reasons over time in new york.
- Outlines a study conducted in order to investigate the connection between vaccinations and childhood type 1 diabetes.
- Explains that the large sample size makes the study more reliable. s are well-educated and familiar with the subject.
- Explains peltola, ville, ruuskanen, olli, and terho heikkinen. targeting influenza vaccinations of children.
- Suggests that younger children be included in the recommended age group for the influenza vaccination.
- Explains that the information in this article is easy to comprehend; everyday people, without medical training, could understand the main points. the study was peer-reviewed and free of bias.
- Describes thorrington, dominic, mark jit, and ken eames' findings on vaccine 33.41 (2015).
- States that the article targets the uk extension to the policy that allows children between the ages of 2-16 years old to be offered the vaccination for influenza.
- Explains that the study includes data tables, graphs, statistical tests, and references. this article assesses cost-effectiveness in respect to vaccination.
2102 wordsRead More - Some of the Benefits of Vaccinationanalytical essayVaccinations are one of the single most important things one can do for the health of their children. Although, it has been a subject of recent controversy, the benefits of being vaccinated far outweigh not being vaccinated. Instead of taking medical advice from an actress, or buying into the conspiracy theories that suggest the government is using immunizations in an attempt to poison the population, parents need to spend a little time doing some research on the matter. Vaccinations were developed to preserve human life. If popular opinion concerning immunizations changes, countless illnesses, hospitalizations and even deaths will be prevented. If they do not, we are going to see a spike in needless childhood sicknesses and potential fatalities.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that vaccination is one of the most important things one can do for the health of their children.
- Analyzes how celebrities, such as jenny mccarthy, are instilling fear in parents regarding the vaccination issue. they claim autism is scientifically linked to childhood vaccinations.
- Explains that thimerosil was used as a preservative in many vaccines starting in the 1930s. however, the number of autism cases has continued to increase.
- Explains that the invention of vaccinations/immunizations is one of the greatest achievements in history. children in 17th century england died of diphtheria, pertussis, measles, smallpox, mumps, rubella
- Explains that children are immunized against all ailments except for smallpox and polio. polio is limited to india, the middle east, and africa.
- Recommends that young children be immunized because they are more susceptible to illnesses than adults. vaccination schedules have been fine-tuned to protect children at a vulnerable age.
- Explains that to be vaccinated, a person is inoculated with an attenuated (weakened) or dead form of the disease. multiple doses are required to build up the body's defenses and generate enough memory cells to the particular illness.
- Analyzes how welch (2014) used an article from the journal of the american medical association to compare the deaths resulting from illnesses before the invention of vaccinations to the figures of 2006.
- Explains that a vaccine undergoes rigorous testing before being allowed for general use, and health officials follow up to ensure that it is not harmful and effective.
- Opines that vaccination campaigns need to reach all children in order to achieve success. many schools require vaccinations, but some parents opt out because of false hype.
- Explains that preventable illnesses like measles and pertussis are on the rise.
- Explains that it takes one person infected with the disease to spread it to people who have not been vaccinated, children who are too young to undergo vaccination, and those with a compromised immune system.
- Explains that putting kids at risk: parents lax on vaccinations.
- Explains that vaccines prevent serious communicable diseases, which often run rampant in school settings.
1304 wordsRead More - Will Vaccines Cure the World's Health?opinionated essayHowever, some parents think it is a waste of time to vaccinate their children, but the reality is that children need to be vaccinated regularly, in order to decrease the rate of infectious diseases. The main reason that most parents favor mandatory vaccinati...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that vaccines should be encouraged but not required for school age children.
- Explains that vaccinating children annually is highly important because it can protect everyone from diseases. schools require proof of vaccination during registration.
- Explains that children need to be vaccinated regularly in order to decrease the rate of infectious diseases.
- Opines that state governments mandate vaccinations to ensure that children's health is not at risk.
- Explains that vaccines are meant to protect us from diseases, but they can also bring dangers to humans.
- Explains that some vaccines contain toxic chemicals, such as aluminum hydroxide, formaldehyde, and thimerosal. doctors unintentionally withhold medical information from patients, when truly the patient has the right to know.
- Cites ciolli, anthony, de soto, and kirkpatrick. mandatory school vaccinations: the role of tort law.
- Explains that approval notes have been given out to glynn county students. the florida times-union, 03 nov. 2009.
- Analyzes moskowitz, richard, olson, marina, roll, carrie, and roll. vaccines as a major risk factor for chronic disease.
710 wordsRead More - Argumentative Papers On Vaccinesanalytical essayAs one of the many preventive health measures, vaccines serve to improve health and provide immunity to a large number of diseases and illnesses. Despite their potential health risks and benefits, to vaccinate or not has become, and still is, an extremely polarizing public health issue being faced today. While there are many pro-vaccination supporters who believe in taking preventive measures for a healthier lifestyle, there are also a number of those who are hesitant to vaccinate because of several risk factors and concerns. This paper focuses on these two perspectives that will specifically target the controversial issue of childhood vaccinations.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that vaccines improve health and provide immunity to a large number of diseases and illnesses. however, despite their potential health risks and benefits, it is an extremely polarizing public health issue.
- Analyzes how kathryn riffenburg's story is an example of a pro-vaccination perspective that stresses the importance of taking preventive measures to save lives, specifically that of children.
- Illustrates how a vaccine hesitant perspective is exposed through the story of an ottawa mother and her reasons for not vaccinating her late child.
- Opines that it is selfish for parents to opt out on childhood vaccinations due to ignorance.
593 wordsRead More - Mandatory Childhood Vaccinationsopinionated essayAs a child growing up and now a young adult, I have always had a huge interest in the safety of vaccines. Making the right decision for innocent children and our patients on a daily basis is of utmost importance to most parents and families. Stakeholders for childhood vaccinations include a variety of groups: policy holders, insurance companies, healthcare providers, parents, the general public, schools, child care agencies, and most notably children.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the safety of vaccines is of utmost importance to parents and families. stakeholders for childhood vaccinations include policy holders, insurance companies, healthcare providers, parents, the general public, schools, and child care agencies.
- Opines that insurance companies would have to continue to cover children under their policies and healthcare providers would need to facilitate vaccinations, both needing to be supporters of this proposition.
298 wordsRead More - Fever: Our Body’s Hottest Defense Mechanismanalytical essayPrewitt, Ellen M. Fever: Facts, Fiction, Physiology. Critical Care Nurse, February 2005, 8-16. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.ccsf.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=99f55fc0-18eb-4a99-89c6-58dbd9359ef9%40sessionmgr4&vid=2&hid=8
In this essay, the author
- Explains that pyrogenic cytokines do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier or enter the brain tissue during the febrile response. the circumventricular organ system initiates the communication sequence responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins.
- Analyzes the neurobiology of the human febrile response.
- Explains that fever is a defense mechanism the immune system uses to get rid of invading pathogens.
- Explains that when metabolites such as prostaglandin e2 diffuse into the thermoregulatory area of the hypothalamus, the high concentration of pge2 receptors in its pre-optic area give birth to the beginning of a fever.
- Explains dinarello, charles a. cytokines as endogenous pyrogens. the journal of infectious diseases, 10, 4, 201-218.
1565 wordsRead More - The Review Adverse Effects of Vaccinesopinionated essayAlthough autonomy is such a highly sought after aspect of human life, there are times when it is overridden for the good of the person or for others around them. The question of whether autonomy is always the most important factor in determining the morality of an issue must be made. According to Fields, autonomy requires and allows a person to “comprehend the action to be taken, the alternatives, and the consequences,” which is what it does. Nonetheless, there are times when this extent of autonomy may be skewed by beliefs and ideas that may not be entirely accurate. For instance, in the past decade or so, there had been a widespread belief among opposers of mandatory vaccinations and vaccines in general that the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine caused autism in children as a result of a misleading report by Andrew Wakefield of the U.K. Because of Wakefield’s report in The Lancet, which has since been disproven by over 20 various articles and doctors, many parents opted to fight to keep their children from receiving this possible life saving vaccine against these diseases (phd1). Included in this category is celebrity Jenny McCarthy, who used her stardom to strongly advocate against vaccination, as her son was diagnosed with autism, which she attributed to the vaccine due to Wakefield’s publications and other parents (Frontline). This type of negative media for the vaccinations worried many doctors, etc. as more parents could choose to opt out and find ways around getting their children, or even themselves vaccinated (healthfinder.gov). In turn, this could cause damage to the entire framework of the herd immunity and allow not only the child to get sick, but also those around them that may not be able to receive the va...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that autonomy is a highly sought after aspect of human life, but there are times when it is overridden for the good of the person or others around them.
- Opines that doctors, experts, etc. should be given some leeway in determining what is best for themselves and their children.
- Explains that those opposing mandatory vaccinations may be putting people at risk — there are chances for adverse effects from the vaccines, which overrides the individual's desire to combat the actual illness.
- Explains that many of the arguments against forced vaccinations are rebutted or explained either through legislation or scientific data.
- Concludes that mandatory vaccinations can be an important tool for protecting the people of a given area.
- Explains donahou, tanya, and field, robert i., "a proposed ethical framework for vaccine mandates: competing values and the case of hpv."
- Explains that mmr vaccine does not cause autism examine the evidence. nelson hernandez - washington post staff writer.
1384 wordsRead More