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the invention of vaccines
essay on development of vaccine
essay on development of vaccine
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Introduction Vaccines are biological preparations created from living organisms that enhance immunity against diseases by preventing (prophylactic) or treating (therapeutic) diseases. Vaccines are given in either liquid, injection, oral or intranasal forms. Vaccines are formulated using either the complete form of disease-causing organism or some components of the microorganism. Vaccines can be prepared from living organisms weakened from cultivation under sub-optimal conditions (attenuation) or genetic modification. As a result, it reduces the ability to induce disease. Vaccines can also be formulated from whole organisms that have been inactivated by thermal, chemical or other suitable means. Moreover, vaccines can also be produced from components of disease-causing organisms including certain polysaccharides, proteins or nucleic acids. Vaccines can also be produced from inactivated …show more content…
For example, influenza and polio vaccines provide protection against three virus types whereas some bacterial vaccines such as pneumococcal vaccines protect against approximately twenty-three different Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. In addition to the incorporation of antigens to vaccines, they are also formulated with solvents (such as water/saline), preservatives and adjuvants. All these components are collectively referred to as excipients. They enhance the quality and potency of vaccines during their shelf-life. Health authorities have attributed the decline in diseases to the impact made by vaccines worldwide while assuring people of their safety and effectiveness. However, these assumptions have also been discredited by government statistics and published studies from credible researchers around the world. Studies show that there was a significant decrease in the number of infectious diseases decades before the onset of mass
A vaccine, once injected into your child's body, with cause a type of immune cell called lymphocytes to react and produce anti bodies to fight the disease the particular vaccine was designed for. This works by injecting weakened or dead antigens of the particular diseases which then prepares the body for the full strength pathogen. This also causes the lymphocytes to remember the particular antigen that the particular pathogen possess. This works as the antigens and antibodies stick together like a key and lock and the pathogen become traps then engulfed and destroyed by a white blood cell. Not only will the vaccination protect your child, but also the people around
During the 20th century, one of the greatest medical innovations was achieved, which was the vaccine. The vaccine used various chemicals and biological substances as a way of preparing the immune system for some sort of future infection, particularly by a virus, which are more difficult to treat than bacteria. However, since the time of its use, vaccines have been under constant scrutiny, especially when some of them were mandated by the government for entry into school. Nevertheless, even though some disagree with the policy of mandatory vaccinations, these vaccines are an ethical way of ensuring the safety of individuals.
The idea behind vaccines is to provide the body with just enough of the disease-causing substance to trick the body into producing antibodies against it. By injecting weak or dead infectious agents through the skin, it’s believed that the body will create the appropriate immune defense. Infants come into the world with antibodies they have gotten from their mother through the placenta. Infants who are breastfed continue to receive many important antibodies in the colostrum (the thick, yellowish premilk that is secreted during the first few days after a woman gives birth) and breast milk. During the first year of life, the immunity an infant gets from its mother at birth wears off. To help boost the fading ability to fight certain diseases, vaccines are given. Once the antibodies are produced, they stay around, protecting the child against the disease they were designed to fight.
Vaccines are a training for your body helping it to learn how to fight disease without actually having the symptoms. Antibodies are created in response to a disease
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has listed immunizations as the number one greatest public health achievement in the 20th century. This attainment towards the goal of health and safety is a huge success for not only our country but from the global perspective as well. Immunizations help to prevent illness and death from vaccine-preventable diseases. The World Health Organization states that global vaccination coverage has remained consistent for the past few years; for example, the percentage of infants fully vaccinated against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis has held secure at 83%. Programs for population-wide vaccinations have helped with the annihilation of polio in America since the late 1970’s, the eradication of smallpox, and the control of numerous other infectious diseases in the United States and other parts of the world.
Preventing serious infections by making a person immune to the infection is called immunization. This process is usually performed by the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the person’s immune system to protect them against a subsequent infection or disease. According to the World Health Organization (2016), more than 5 million deaths were prevented annually between 2010 and 2015 due to vaccinations that were used around the world. Vaccines work with the natural ability of the human immune system to develop immunity to fight disease. When a foreign infectious pathogen such as bacteria or a virus enters the body, it multiplies and becomes an infection and in many cases, this infection leads to an illness. To understand how vaccines
The purpose of vaccinations is to help the immune system handle the illness without exposing to the illness first as “Vaccines contain the same antigens (or parts of antigens) that cause diseases…the antigens in vaccines are either killed, or weakened to the point that they don’t cause disease...immune system produce antibodies that lead to immunity”("Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important?") This means that Vaccines have the same pieces of a regular disease but has been manipulated in some shape or form that cannot infect the vaccine receiver. Almost as if the body is exposed to the illness already, but not quite like having the body fight off the disease but rather receive the ability to fight contact with any disease they are vaccinated against. Without vaccination, some illnesses can be fought off with the immune system alone, such as chicken pox and measles, and then would have the immune system protect by using the to fight against it. However, there are more fatal diseases, such as Polio, that has the ability to paralyze the body of anyone infected and even cause death if not treated right away
After there was an outbreak of smallpox in 1000CE, the smallpox immunization was created to limit the fatalities. Eventually, the inoculation traveled to Africa, Europe, and the Americas. However, in 1796, Edward Jenner used cowpox components to create an even stronger immunity. Over the next two centuries, that method undertook several medical changes. Furthermore, in the 1930s, vaccines against many diseases such as tuberculosis and typhoid developed. More recently however, vaccine research and development led to a vaccine for polio ("All Timelines Overview," n.d.). When creating a vaccine, the goal is to weaken the virus in order for the person suffering to develop immunity to it. When the vaccine is inserted into the body, it is programed to create Memory-B Cells, which protect against additional infection (Offit, 2013). The chemicals often found in a vaccine include a suspending fluid such as sterile water, a preservative, and an enhancer that helps advance the vaccine's efficiency. A vaccine also contains a weakened part of the infection cell. When the person receives the vaccine, the body reacts by creating antibodies. In other words, the injections expose people to germs, so that their body can learn to be immune to the disease (Great Ormond Street Hospital, 2013).
Few types of vaccines are live virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines and Biosynthetic vaccines. Live virus vaccines use the weakened form of the virus. MMR vaccine and varicella (chickenpox) vaccine are examples. Inactivated vaccines are made from a protein or other small pieces taken from a virus or bacteria, the flu vaccine is an example. Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin or chemical made by the bacteria or virus. They make you immune to the harmful effects of the infection, instead of to the infection itself. Examples are diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Biosynthetic vaccines contain manmade substances that are very similar to pieces of the virus or
Throughout the years the world has made many medicals advancements, one including vaccines. A vaccine is a substance that produces immunity from a disease, which is usually injected by a shot. Vaccines train the immune system by injected the disease into you so that when you come around the bacteria or virus again your body is able to fight it off. When the bacteria or virus enters the body immune cells attack it by producing protein molecules also knowns as antibodies. These antibodies then attack the virus or bacteria. The first immunisation known to us today happened hundreds of years ago when the Buddhist monks drank snake venom to make their bodies immune to a snake bite. However people consider Edward Jenner to be the founder of vaccinations. In 1798 He injected a thirteen year old with cowpox to demonstrate immunity to smallpox. Vaccines are extremely important because they aren’t like many other health things. For example if you don’t go to the dentist that is your own choice and it may have a big affect on you but it most likely won’t affect other people. But with vaccines it can affect the people around you as well as your community. You can catch or spread a disease in a workplace or school.
Although there are many misconceptions and views made about this treatment, vaccinations are one of the most crucial and essential factors of life, acknowledged by healthcare professionals as being by far the safest and most effective method in stopping the spread of many of the world’s life-threatening diseases. It ensures that the lives of millions are protected, also securing the health and safety of future generations.
You may wonder what vaccinations are , Vaccinations are a type of product that produces some immunity from all types of disease and can be controlled
Vaccines work by familiarizing the body with the disease so it can build a defense against it. The immune system is able to defend the body from disease pathogens. The vaccine
Immunisation or vaccination is a very effective and safe form of medicine used to prevent severe diseases occurring from viruses and other infectious organisms and increase the amount of protective antibodies. It is given by drops in the mouth or injecting a person with a dead or modified disease-causing agent, in order for the person to become immune to that disease.
Vaccines are also manufactured by using biotechnology in which consist of three main ways, it aids scientists to separate pure antigen using specific monoclonal antibody, aids in synthesis of an antigen with the help of a cloned gene and lastly it also aids in the synthesis of peptides to be used as vaccines (Alam 2014). A vaccine can protect you from specific diseases that can make you very sick or even kill you.