Treatment
Due to no antiviral medication being readily available to the public, the treatment of IBR depends on the symptoms given by the animal. Due to this, there is actually no direct treatment available for IBR. Therefore during the occurrence of IBR infected animals should be recognised and quarantined. Also depending on the harshness of the disease, infected animals can be administered a broad-spectrum antibiotic to reduce the chances of a secondary bacterial infection from developing. Also during this outbreak, naïve animals should not be introduced into a herd infected with IBR and any animals with an unknown history of vaccination should be vaccinated correctly straightaway after being brought into the herd and quarantined. A control programme must then be drawn up and followed to help reduce the chances of the virus being introduced into the herd and to help reduce the chances of the virus circulating in the herd. The next section describes what plans should be made and how they should be controlled and monitored.
Prevention/Control
The prevention/control of IBR is based on the principle of preventing the virus from either entering the herd or through the use of vaccination, such as modified live vaccines (“Marker” Vaccines). Prevention also aims at stopping the virus from re-circulating within the herd. There are also four key steps to the control programme within a herd. These steps are; 1) Plan, 2) Investigate, 3) Control and 4) Monitor.
1) Plan → This involves the consideration of possible control plans which can be applied to the herd, methods to investigate how the virus was introduced into the herd and to discontinue the circulation of the virus in the herd and the possible methods of monitoring that can be pu...
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... a dairy herd or beef herd. There are obvious direct costs such as the animal’s failure to thrive, veterinary bills, medicine bills, vaccination bills and of course, the death of the actual animal. Along with these costs there are also hidden costs such as a decline in the feed conversion efficiency of the animal, a decrease in daily weight gain, loss of specialised markets, for example AI and exports of animals, and obviously the farmers time being wasted on dealing with outbreaks and sick animals. In dairy herds, a sudden decrease in milk yields can occur too which decreases the farmers’ ability to meet their quota. It can also cause abortion within the herds which would also contribute to the costs on the farmer.
On top of these costs, medication residues, antibiotic resistance and animal welfare issues aid in the negative impact of the IBR virus in Irish herds.
...and the administration of GnRH. Although at the present point time the administration of these treatments, is not economically sustainable due to added time and cost factors it has been seen through long term studies that the use of these vaccines in the regulation of the reproductive cycles, of mares and stallions can provide a more sustainable and ethical method of control that reduces overall population of brumbies and herd sizes.
...h apparently did not prevent transmission of T. equigenitalis (Erdman et al., 2011). With the exception of one, all other stallions were infected with T. equigenitalis indirectly via handling or contaminated fomites at breeding or collection facilities (Erdman et al., 2011). According to Erdman et al. (2011), this outbreak saw the largest number of horses that tested positive for the disease since the first outbreak in 1978. The source of the outbreak was most likely determined to be a stallion imported from Denmark in 2000 that had not been detected positive for T. equigenitalis neither upon pre-import testing in the country of origin nor quarantine testing in the United States (Erdman et al., 2011). The importation of this stallion in the United States subsequently led to subsequent transmission of infection between the years 2004 and 2009 (Erdman et al., 2011).
“Plague Prevention and Control.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. .
Following through with this fodder transmission theory, the British government introduced compulsory destruction of suspect animals and their carcasses beginning in 1988. The feeding of animal tissue to cows was banned in Britain in July 1988 and since mid-1992, monitors working for the United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture have recorded a persistent decline in the number of confirmed cases. It is estimated that the program will eradicate BSE in Britain by the end of 1999.
The World Health Organization states that Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) was first apparent in 1967 in Germany, specifically in the Marburg and Frankfurt areas of Germany, hence the name, Marburg virus. The transporters of this disease were believed to have been monkeys from Uganda, and it is a very deadly and fatal disease in which the virus is similar in strain as the one that causes the Ebola virus. Although rare, MVD has the ability to be extremely deadly within an infected society. Outbreaks can prove to be dramatic and if not communicated within the proper societal channels, can be overwhelming to the human race. Outbreaks in history from the Marburg virus have been contained appropriately however, it is vital for health and protection agencies to collaborate in order to contain any future “accidental” or “man-made” outbreaks (World Health Organization, 2012).
... presented by the diagram on the side. In this diagram some countries in Asia, Africa and South America have coverage of less than 89% of infants immunised. Two African countries, Somalia and Central African Republic have a rate of below 50%. The disease could also be prevented from re-emerging in countries where it has been eradicated by thoroughly promoting personal and environmental hygiene. The disease can also be eradicated in the other 3 countries by educating parents in rural areas about vaccinations and good hygiene as the disease is mainly spread through faeces
If these problems could be eradicated it could save a lot of time and money for the farmers. The use of antibiotics and hormones before the livestock actually catches
...mpletely due to the impossibility of vaccinating every single mammal, the containment of it has improves as more people are taking the initiative and responsibility to set rules to reduce the number of animals with rabies even further.
Factory farming is where animals are packed as closely together as attainable, most never see or feel the sunlight, able to get fresh air or even able to turn around. These terrible conditions have serious effects on the animals physically and mentally. Illness spreads and fights break out between animals. This worldwide epidemic known as factory farming began when greedy people began to modify farms to maximise profit for themselves, but because of this, it not only has a terrible impact on animals but
Factory farming began in the 1920s soon after the discovery of vitamins A and D. Shirley Leung said, when these vitamins are added to feed, animals no longer require exercise and sunlight for growth (B2). This allowed large numbers of animals to be raised indoors year-round. The greatest problem that was faced in raising these animals indoors was the spread of disease, which was fought against in the 1940s with the development of antibiotics. Farmers found they could increase productivity and reduce the operating costs by using machines and assembly-line techniques. Unfortunately, this trend of mass production has resulted in incredible pain and suffering for the animals. Animals today raised on factory farms have had their genes manipulated and pumped full of antibiotics, hormones, and other chemicals to encourage high productivity. In the fast food industry, animals are not considered animals at all; “they are food producing machines” (BBC). They are confined to small cages with metal bars, ammonia-filled air and artificial lighting or no lighting at all. They are subjected to horrible mutilations: beak searing, tail docking, ear cutting and castration. The worst thing is that ...
Wear gloves and proper cloths if handling the infected animals to prevent the direct contact.
The discovery of the polio vaccine was an important medical and scientific breakthrough because it saved many lives since the 1950s. In the summer of 1916 the great polio epidemic struck the United states. By the 1950s hundreds of thousands of people had been struck by the poliomyelitis. The highest number of cases occurred in 1953 with over 50,000 people infected with the virus.
Vaccines against diphtheria, polio, pertussis, measles, mumps and rubella, and more recent additions of hepatitis B and chicken pox, have given humans powerful immune guards to ward off unwelcome sickness. And thanks to state laws that require vaccinations for kids enrolling in kindergarten, the U.S. presently enjoys the highest immunization rate ever at 77%. Yet bubbling beneath these national numbers is the question about vaccine safety. Driven by claims that vaccinations can be associated with autism, increasing number of parents are raising questions about whether vaccines are in fact harmful to children, instead of helpful (Park, 2008).
We are always hearing on the news and in newspapers about children catching diseases and often dying from them. Why is this happening when all of these diseases are easily preventable by simply being immunised, why aren’t parents getting their children Immunised, is it for religious beliefs or just carelessness. What ever their reason may be is it really good enough, because why would anyone rather let their child be able to catch and spread a deadly disease then have them Immunised, so Immunisation should be made compulsory for all children.
When these agricultural resources are given to the animals involved in meat production, these resources are lost. Besides the loss of land, the process of animal production is contributing to pollution and other greenhouse gases that are doing irreplaceable damage to the environment and contribute to untold negative health