Utilitarianism Essay

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In this paper, I will thoroughly discuss the theory of Utilitarianism. I will discuss fundamental principles of the theory, Rachels’ definition of morally right actions based on the theory, as well as John Stuart Mill’s definition of morally right actions. I will also discuss the arguments against the theory due to fictional situations and the conflict it possess with justice. First I will define the theory of Utilitarianism and it’s fundamental principles. Then I will state Rachels’ and Mills’ definition of morally right actions. I will then discuss the arguments against the theory of Utilitarianism that prove utilitarianism as incompatible and conflicting with the demands of justice. Then I will discuss the difference between Rule-Utilitarianism and Act-Utilitarianism. Using the two I will discuss how Rachels’ fictional situation of justice applies to both.
The theory of Utilitarianism of morality is concerned with the happiness of the general population. The three fundamental principles of Utilitarianism begin with the judgment of actions based on the consequences produced. Secondly, when evaluating the consequences of these actions, one must measure the amount of happiness or unhappiness it produces. Lastly, the happiness of all those affected must be taken into account (Rachels, p.102). Rachels’ explains, “right actions as those that produce the greatest possible balance of happiness over unhappiness, with each person’s happiness counted as equally important” (Rachels, p. 102). Mills states, “the happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct, is not the agent’s own happiness, but that of all concerned.”(Rachels, p. 102) In summary, morally right actions are those that promote the happiness of all ...

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...mine what is acceptable, Act-Utilitarianism implies our ordinary moral feelings as sometimes mistaken (Rachels, p. 116).
In closing the theory of Utilitarianism of morality is concerned with the happiness of the general population. Right actions as those that produce the greatest possible balance of happiness over unhappiness, with each person’s happiness counted as equally important. At first glance the theory of utilitarianism appears plausible. However, by analyzing the theory with cases, utilitarianism is incorrect and needs to be improved. Justice requires we treat people fairly according to their individual needs and merits (Rachels, p. 106). By the standards of the theory, utilitarian must act in the favor of the most produced happiness, and go against justice. To improve this theory, the theory of utilitarianism has been modified to the Rule-Utilitarianism.

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