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Tourist motivation theory
Tourist motivation theory
Sustainable tourism development principles
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Why are cities like Singapore an important issue to study within the tourism context?
Studying Singapore as a Urban Tourist destination
Introduction:
Urbanization is a global process, described by Johnston (1981:363) as a ‘process by which: first, an increasing proportion of an area’s population become concentrated in its statistically defined urban spaces’. (Hall, 2003: 1)
From the past we can see that a number of towns and cities have evolved as important locations for tourism activity. During the renaissance period, a number of educational institutions, health spas and religious centers in Europe attracted a large number of people to urban destinations.
According to law (1993:1)’large cities are arguably the most important type of tourist destination across the world’ and yet urban areas have greatly been neglected in the most academic studies of tourism. . (Hall, 2003: 9)
The expansion in unrestricted leisure time and increased standards of living has contributed to the demand of travel. The management of this process had been misunderstood and very limited research has been done towards this endeavor. A notable feature of the pattern of tourist travel is the significance of urban destinations serving as gateways for tourist entry for the country. For example, the development of Bangkok as a tourist destination can be attributed to it being a gateway to a large extent. Since little emphasis has been paid towards tourism research in urban areas, the public sector doesn’t see the need to understand the urban tourist and that essentially is the crux of problems of unplanned urban destinations. Many a times, the development is so haphazard that it can have adverse effects to cities. In order to understand why tourist chooses an urban destination requires a deep understanding of the human psychology as in what really motivates tourists to travel to urban destinations. While we can clearly say that tourists are attracted to urban areas mainly due to the facilities available, there are many other reasons that we will analyze in order to understand the tourist psyche.
Why people travel to urban destinations? (Hall: 2003: 58)
• Fulfillment of a desire
• Shopping- Malls and shopping festivals
• Escape from the routine
• Relaxation, recreation and recuperation
• Entertainment/Sightseeing- night clubs, Casinos
• VFR
• Prestige
• Cultural/Religious and heritage tours-Historic Monuments, Museums and theatres
• Education
• Business travelers/ Conventions
• Social interaction/personal reasons
• Mega events- Olympics, Beauty Contests.
Planning
Planning for tourism has conventionally been focused on zoning, site development, accommodation and building regulations, the density of tourist development, the presentation of cultural, historical and natural tourism features, and the provision of infrastructure, including roads and sewerage.
that has rapidly urbanized in the decades since the Second World War are clearly apparent. The topics tackled in this text range from
Sharpley, R., and Telfer, D. J., 2002. Tourism and Development Concepts and Issues. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
In Fyfe and Kenny’s work, the different ways that the city forms and operates are explored. The first paper details how cities expand and it provides a simple model showing the succession of how the city expands. In this model, the city expands from the “loop” which would be the central business district, to the area of transition where manufacturing is done, to the areas of residence for workers, and then to the suburban residential zone. Another concept in this paper would be how the disorganization of a large number of immigrants has caused “slums” and regions of extreme poverty to pop up outside the loop of cities. Mobility is also mentioned as an explanation for the high costs of land in central areas within cities.
Mittelman’s (2000) discussion of global development and urbanization has received attention from scholars such as Moore and Gould (2003) who note that more than half of the world’s population now live in urban settlement as the world becomes increasingly urban in nature. The authors believe that cities play a vital role and urban settlements offer opportunities for education, employment, social services, and better health care, while also suffering from such shortcomings as unemployment, marginalization, air
* Urban Professional^s recognition of the increased variability, robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work. * Conservation Activist^s commendation of the lower consumption of resources, and reduced pressure on sensitive environment areas, suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl. * The Development Industry^s equations of profit established through better and higher levels of land use. Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of either population or dwellings in an existing defined urban area (Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establish this intensification within a more specific agenda, in which community is to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to be widened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998).
Again, this section will give a working definition of the “urban question’. To fully compare the political economy and ecological perspectives a description of the “urban question” allows the reader to better understand the divergent schools of thought. For Social Science scholars, from a variety of disciplines, the “urban question” asks how space and the urban or city are related (The City Reader, 2009). The perspective that guides the ecological and the social spatial-dialect schools of thought asks the “urban question” in separate distinct terminology. Respected scholars from the ecological mode of thinking, like Burgess, Wirth and others view society and space from the rationale that geographical scope determines society (The City Reader, 2009). The “urban question” that results from the ecological paradigm sees the relationship between the city (space) as influencing the behaviors of individuals or society in the city. On the other hand...
Chaffey, J. (1994). The challenge of urbanisation. In M. Naish & S. Warn (Eds.), Core geography (pp. 138-146). London: Longman.
What is urbanisation? To ‘urbanise’ is to ‘make (a rural area) more industrialized and urban’ , urban meaning ‘of or living in a city or town’ . Marja C.V. Vink argues that “The word urbanization was used for the first time in Spain a little more than one hundred years ago” to show the “quantitative and qualitative growth if cities” . The degree of urbanisation is quite different when comparing towns or cities of antiquity to the modern understanding of an urban centre; however, essentially it is the same process.
Urbanization has raised a series of major problems in energy supply, homelessness, pollution and destruction of natural habitats, high concentration of population and crime. Alongside with urbanization, side effects raised e.g. conurbation. In general terms urbanization is caused by the mass population searching for better living standards, more chances of employment and higher wages, as it is believed that services and economy are concentrated and mainly developed in cities. At the beginning of the 20th centuries 2 cities exceeded a million people population, what is known as millionaire cities.
Many investments for infrastructure construction in the destination primarily designed for the business tourists (hotels, restaurants, transportation…) provide economic profits, and they can also be enjoyed by local residents and leisure tourists.
Susan S. Fainstein, Scott Campbell. 2003. Readings in Urban Theory. Second Edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
Half of century has gone since ‘tourism boom’ began in 1960s (Tirados, 2011). Nowadays, desire to be a tourist is virtually universe which has made tourism become a central element of globalization. The profit brought from tourism is something that we cannot deny however everything has its two sides which are good and bad, advantages and disadvantages or positive and negative. Thailand is a great example to find out the advantages and disadvantages of the development of tourism impact on the country.
In the twentieth century, the world witnessed significant changes and an increase in the city's population. Today more than half of global inhabitants live in cities or towns (Clarke, 1980), and most of the modern cities around the world have similar economic structure and social interests (Sassen, 2001). The observer to these cities will notice the common characteristics are much more than differences (Clark, 1996).
Tourism is a typical activity of fashion that the public participate widely and it has grown in importance over recorded human history. Innumerable articles refer tourism as “the world’s largest industry”; policy-makers, analysts, and scholars often speak of the size of the tourism compared to that of other industries (Smith 2004: 26). These series of misleading statement, together with the mass media’s reports (out of context), make the idea that tourism is a single large industry branded into many people’s minds. However, in this essay I will demonstrate that it is a simplistic and misleading idea, which should be replaced by the plural term, “tourism industries”. Moreover, tourism is not the world’s largest industry, but largest service sector.