Understanding and Preparation of Earthquake
An earthquake is a sudden movement of the Earth's lithosphere (its crust and upper mantle) by the release of build-up energy “in the form of low – frequency sound waves (seismic waves)” along geological faults or by volcanic activity. There are three types of the seismic wave: “primary (P) waves have a push – pull type of vibration, secondary (S) waves have a slide – to – slide types of vibration, and combination of primary (P) and secondary (S) of vibrations (HarperCollins Publishers, 2003). It can be measuring by the Richter scale.
An earthquake is a natural geological phenomenon and more than 30,000 earthquakes that strong enough to felt by worldwide. It caused by the fast release of elastic energy stored in rock which been subject to great stress. Once the rock is strained beyond its breaking point it ruptures, releasing the potential energy (Pe) in the form of earthquake wave. This can be explained by much likes elastic rebound mechanism, the “tectonics theory”. According the tectonic theory, the lithosphere (Earth’s outermost layer) is composed of large 7 different plates: “the African, North American, South American, Eurasian, Australian, Antarctic, and Pacific plates” (Plate Tectonic, http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates1.html). An earthquake is natural process of moving plates and among the most destructive energy on Earth.
The distribution pattern of earthquake across the continental United States can divide by the different time zones. United States continental has four different time zones: Pacific Time zone, Mountain Time zone, central time zone, and Eastern Time zone. First most of earthquake distributed is in Pacific Ti...
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...earthquake. The events of earthquakes lead to develop seismological tools to preventing from being victims of natural destructive power and to understand to prepare for up - coming an earthquake.
The difference between geological energy and biological energy are: geological energy is potential energy which stored in the earth crust (plate) and biological energy is that energy stored in form of chemical known ATPs, which is chemical energy. Geological energy and biological energy are same in term of how they transformed energy. Geological energy is released when two tectonic plates moves in form of waves. But biological energy is released in process of metabolism: break down chemical bond in glucoses molecules and release energy. In both case, energy is stored in form of chemical in biological energy and geological energy is stored in earth crust or rock.
Earthquakes are a natural part of the Earth’s evolution. Scientific evidence leads many geologists to believe that all of the land on Earth was at one point in time connected. Because of plate tectonic movements or earthquakes, continental drift occurred separating the one massive piece of land in to the seven major continents today. Further evidence supports this theory, starting with the Mid-Atlantic ridge, a large mass of plate tectonics, which are increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean while shrinking the Pacific. Some scientists believe that the major plate moveme...
Earthquakes play a major role into understanding the composition and materials that exist within the Earth (Merali and Skinner, 2009, p.252). Earthquakes are the main source of insight into the inner workings of the earth, due to the nature of the seismic waves they produce. P and S waves are reflected and refracted at different boundaries within the earth, and this enables seismologists to make inferences about the internal composition and structural of planet Earth. (Merali and Skinner, 2009, p.252).
Earthquakes are best described as a shaking or vibration of the ground caused by breaking of rock. Sometimes they are very strong and other times you would hardly notice them. This shaking occurs when stress that builds up in the crust is suddenly released as the crust breaks free and/or slides against the other pieces of crust. Earthquakes may also be thought of as the breaking of a popsicle stick by applying pressure to both ends at the same time. Should you try this experiment , you will feel the pressure build up as you apply more force until the stick snaps. When the stick snaps you will feel an instant of pain at your fingers as the stress reduces and energy waves move throughout the stick. When the earth's crust is placed under similar types of stress, binding as the stress builds, it will also snap and release the energy into the surrounding rocks, 'ooch'. Thinking about earthquakes will become more clear if you try another experiment.
...er caused the city to crumble and the government to pay extreme amounts of money. In addition, residents of San Francisco and other surrounding areas suffered as a result. Thousands died, but even more faced the encumbrance of homelessness. As if that could not worsen, fires went on afterward for as long as three days. Nevertheless, San Francisco transformed like a phoenix; its ashes turned into a beautiful city full of fascinating buildings in a matter of months. 1906, a year of a significant natural disaster, also became a year that spawned knowledge in the field of seismology. No one will ever forget the appalling chain of events that took place during the early twentieth century. The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 has not only taught seismologists almost everything they now know, but it has also made San Francisco the jewel of the West Coast that it is today.
There has been many technological advancements in measuring and monitoring earthquakes since 1811-1812.The seismometer, an instrument that can monitor the changes in position of the ground, was greatly improved on with the help of technology.(((CITE HERE))) Scientist can now know that an earthquake will happen on a fault in the future, but they can not tell when an earthquake or how strong that said earthquake will be. So what do we do to prepare ourselves for an
Healy, J. H., Rubey, W. W., Griggs, D. T., & Raleigh, C. B. (1968, September). The Denver Earthquakes. Science, 161(3848), 1301-1310. Retrieved from JSTOR database.
Problem Statement: Earthquakes are a natual part of the environment. They do,however,cause devistating effect on the environment. Since Earthquakes can not be avoided, maybe there is a way to determine when they are going to occur so precautions can be taken to get people to safety and protect as much of
The ground is shaking, people are screaming, the earth crashes around, silencing screams as it goes. The world keeps on going, not caring as it destroys everything in its path. These people need help and support. I would try to help them in some way, wouldn’t you? On the fifteenth of October in 2013 at 8:12, a deadly 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck (Overview). About three million, five hundred twelve thousand, two hundred and eighty one unsuspecting people were affected. That’s a lot of people. It killed 185 and left many more injured, stranded, or missing (Document D). So how did people outside the earthquake react to the deadly natural disaster that others were sitting in the middle of? People responded by spreading the word and sending much needed supplies to the unfavorable from the damage from the earthquake. These people are calling for help, and I want to reach out and give them aid to help them back on to their feet.
Before examining the Northridge event, understanding the naturally occurring hazard that is an earthquake will help to better understand exactly what happened and why it was such an important geological event. With four distinct layers, two layers, the crust and upper portion of the mantle, compose the skin that is the surface layer of the Earth. The crust is not a single, continuous piece. It is actually several different pieces, or plates, that come together to form the puzzle that comprises the surface of the Earth. These plates are in constant motion rubbing against one another. These areas, known as fault lines, where the plates rub up against one another have spots where one plate ”gets stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. When the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick and is how most of the earthquakes around the world occur” (Wald, 2012). The energy stored from the friction of the two plate...
Due to the hazard that earthquakes cause, a hazard consultant becomes a critical part of
The earthquake that only lasted 45 to 60 seconds but “was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada” was the disastrous 1906 San Francisco Earthquake (USGS 2012). A natural disaster that was responsible for structure damage and the lives of many people. Earthquakes are part of the natural process of the earth and are frequent around the world; they are usually small and not even felt by people. Unfortunately, there is also the magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes, which if trigger in big populated areas can become destructive in matter of seconds (Lutgens, F. and Tarbuck, E.). Like the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake the apart from destroying the city the lives of many people changed forever. Then,
On December 16, 1811, at roughly 2:15 a.m., the most powerful earthquake ever to hit the eastern United States struck Northeast Arkansas. Clocking in at a presumed 8.0 on the richter scale, the first of three major earthquakes form the New Madrid fault made itself known. This quake, and the two subsequent quakes following shortly after, caused some of the most intense damage and events ever recorded in U.S. history. The quakes were felt in Montreal, Boston, and even the White House. Events such as soil liquefaction and reversal in the flow of the Mississippi river are just a few of many glimpses into the absolute power of earthquakes. In this exploratory paper, I will review the three main quakes, along with their aftermath both
They are the earth’s crust; they move very slowly every year. As the tectonic plates slide over each other they cause earthquakes. Earthquakes produce various damaging effects this includes damage to structures of buildings, bridges and other standing formations which then...
Earthquakes are vibrations felt at the surface of the earth which are caused by disturbances of the energy in the earth's interior. These vibrations are known as seismic waves. (Skinner Robinson McVerry 1) There are different type sof seisimc waves such as Primary (P) waves, whcih travel the fastest, Secondary (S) waves which cause the earth to vibrate vertically, Surface (L) waves. P and S waves are "affected by changes in the density and the rigidity of the materials through which they pass." (Columbia Encyclopedia) Earthquakes vary in their intensity and duration. Often times they are strong enough to cause massive destriction. Tall buildings often suffer as a result of these natural disasters. In recent years this has become a larger and larger threat with both the number of large buildings, and their number of occupants increasing. In an effort to try to minimize the damage caused by earthquakes many some engineers focus primarily on designing and constructing earthquake resistant buildings. Earthquake engineers have gathered much of their information from analyzing past earthquakes, and learning which buildings can and can't withstand the tremors. The goals of these engineers is to design buildings that can withstand moderate earthquakes and obtain minimal damage, and that the buildings will not collapse lowering the probability of human deaths.
Earthquakes belong to the class of most disastrous natural hazards. They result in unexpected and tremendous earth movements. These movements results from dissemination of an enormous amount of intense energy in form of seismic waves which are detected by use of seismograms. The impact of earthquakes leaves behind several landmarks including: destruction of property, extensive disruption of services like sewer and water lines, loss of life, and causes instability in both economic and social components of the affected nation (Webcache 2).