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Research method in psychology : their advantages and disadvantages
Summary of the impact of smoking
Qualitative research strengths and weaknesses
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There has been a great increase in the number of deaths due to smoking. Headlines such as ‘’Second hand smoke kills 600,000 worldwide annually’’ (Falco, 2010) highlights that there’s a major problem. My question is, why are people still smoking? It should be a wake-up call for those who smoke but even with the hard facts presented, people still decide to smoke. As a psychology student, I was interested in exploring the phenomenology of smoking & wanted to address this matter further. To do this, I designed an interview schedule from which I have gained an individual’s emotion as well as perception towards smoking. Before I could do this I had to, myself, understand what an interview is & how I could professionally interview an individual considering ethics.
So what does it meant to interview? An interview consists of predetermined questions created to represent a chosen topic of interest (Jump, 2014). It involves an interviewer asking an individual questions based on this topic. It aims to explore the complexity of a topic which in this case would be smoking & investigate this more deeply (Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor & Tindall, 1994). So with that said, I prepared ten questions related to smoking that was clear & easy to understand. I purposely chose to interview an individual smoker as myself I do not smoke therefore I was intrigued in a smokers perspective towards such habit. Creating the questions took a bit of time as there are many different topics when it comes to smoking. My main interests were exploring others opinions & views about smoking therefore I produced a set of questions relating to this. I conducted the interview in a quiet area & concluded that my interviewee had a sense of ambivalence. This is also know...
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...ive methods in psychology. Buckingham: Celtic Court.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Rhodes, C. (2013). Research methods PY3. Oldham Sixth Form College: Psychology lesson handout.
Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research. Los Angeles, [Calif.]; London: SAGE.
The Quit group. (2005). Quitting Motivations and Barriers Qualitative Research. Retrieved from http://www.quit.org.nz/file/research/FINAL%20Litmus%20report-Quitting%20Motivations%20and%20Barriers.pdf
Bowser, N., Burns, S., Crawford, G., Jancey, J., Portsmouth, L., & Smith, J. (2013). No Smoking Here: Examining Reasons for Noncompliance With a Smoke-Free Policy in a Large University. Retrieved from http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/02/14/ntr.ntu012.abstract
Smoking is a current issue, it has been there and it is here till now. It is the second major cause of death in the world; it kills nearly 6 million people each year. That is one person every 6 seconds. It’s responsible for the death of a one in ten adults and kills up to half of its users. Since it’s the leading preventable cause of all deaths, there is need to prevent it. Despite the negative side effects of smoking like; smoking kills, its exacerbates poverty, contributes to world hunger by diverting lands use to its production, its production damages the environment and reduces economic productivity, many people still smoke tobacco every day. It...
The smoking issue is very complicated and some of the arguments are beyond the scope of this essay. Still, we can obtain a balanced outlook if we consider the following: the facts of smoking, individual right, societal responsibility, and the stigma of smoking. Haviland and King write essays which contain very important points, but seem to contain a bias which may alienate some people. To truly reach a consensus on the smoking issue, we must be willing to meet each other halfway. We must strike equilibrium between individual right and societal responsibility.
Thematic analysis is espoused to be the foundational approach to qualitative analysis and methods (Saunders et al., 2016 as stated in Braun and Clarke, 2006: 78) and it is a useful method used to identify and analyse the order and patterns of qualitative data (Attride-Stirling, 2001). Qualitative research method depicts the correlation that exists between data and events, creating the pictorial representation of what one thinks a given data says (Saunders et al., 2016). They also opined that, qualitative data analysis is cogent, interactive and iterative. Also, Joana and Jill (2011) and Saunders et al (2016) postulate that, qualitative research brings meanings from words and images as opposed to numbers. However, despite its robustness and rigour of its application, it is skewed more to the interpretivist ideologies since researchers draw conclusion from participants and the hypothesis being forecasted (Joana and Jill, 2011; Saunders et al., 2016).
In the essay “Letting Go” by David Sedaris, he writes about his experiences with smoking. Throughout the essay Sedaris expresses his views and experiences with smoking. Sedaris grew up in the 1960’s and 70’s when smoking was a common thing to do, so much so that grade school students in his native North Carolina, would have field trips to tobacco factories where they were given packs of cigarettes to give to their parents. Sedaris describes views about smoking that changed throughout his life-time. At one stage in his life he was against smoking, and was even bothered by the smell of cigarettes. Then Sedaris himself, in a different stage of his life became a smoker. Smoking caused Sedaris’s mother to gain some health problems due to her smoking
Smoking is a lifestyle, a habit, and a trend. Smoking has become a social activity among teens, connecting them through the craving of a smoke. Smoking is seen as seductive and cool in the media and movies which influences teenagers to smoke even more. The World Health Organization has stated that “Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. More than 5 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.” As of April 2016, only 7% of teenagers in the U.S. smoke, but it is said that tobacco use will kill 8 million people annually by 2030. 99% of adult smokers start in their years as teenagers. Smoking is an epidemic that has taken control of people’s lives since 1881 and the media since the early 1900s. Smoking currently kills about 440,000 people a year in the U.S. I feel that it is an issue because it is the #1 most preventable way to die, but people still continue to smoke because of how it looks and how they are perceived as a person if they do. The fact that people become addicted to a trend that will attribute to their death for the sake of being thought of as cooler, is a problem that needs to be addressed.
Why Do We Smoke Cigarettes? Why Do We Smoke Cigarettes? The Psychology of Everyday Living, 1947. Web. The Web.
Every year cigarette smoking is responsible for 500,000 premature deaths (Nugel), you do not want to be just another statistic, do you? America’s first cash crop was tobacco. That means that tobacco has been around for a really long time. It was not until 1865, though, that cigarettes were sold commercially. They were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War (Dowshen). From then, cigarettes spread like wildfire, and it was not until 1964 that anyone made a stand about the negative effects of tobacco and cigarettes. People start smoking for all different reasons, some to fit in and some to “escape”. Regardless, it is a horrible habit. 3900 children will try their first cigarette today. Amongst adults who currently smoke, 68% of them began at age 18 or younger, and 85% at 21 or younger (American Lung Association). And of all those people, 70% say if they were given another chance they would never have picked up that first cigarette (Tobacco Free Maine). Smoking is responsible for 1 and 5 deaths in the united states, and is the number one preventable cause of death (NLH). Smoking burns and there is no doubt about that, but before one picks up that cigarette, understand the negative effects on not only oneself, but others affected by ones poor choices, like second-hand smoke. Because of smoking cigarettes, many types of cancer, decrease of life quality, and negative health effects have become all too common in the world today.
Merriam-Webster defines smoking as; to inhale and exhale the fumes of burning plant material and especially tobacco; especially: to smoke tobacco habitually. The key word in that definition would be habitually. One who smokes generally is addicted or formed a habit of smoking. Although distasteful to most people, those who smoke are generally willing to quit smoking yet they're unable to "kick the habit." Smokers understand how hard it is to quit. They admire those who were able to quit. We realize the risk of smoking and the obvious side effects that could result to death. Although all the studies show the death effect of smoking many of us are still unable to quit. In the essay, Phillip brought his girlfriend to a social gathering of which she pulled out a cigarette and started to smoke. The hostess apparently was not fond of smoking when she asked her to put it out or go outside. This started a big debate over smoking of which the smokers went outside and the non-smokers stayed inside. Phillip stayed inside although he should have gone with his girlfriend. He was unsure whose side he was on. He wasn't a smoker but he wasn't fully against it. Throughout the essay he was unsure of which side he should have been on. He discussed his opinion and stories that support both arguments.
University of Nebraska at Kearney, USA and Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania. (2011). International Journal of Psychology: A psychosocial approach. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.psyjournal.vdu.lt/wp/
How Smoking Affects Your Life and People Around You I have watched a man try to convince me he's not a smoker, as he holds a cigarette in his. hand. The sand is a sand. People come up with many intricate and clever excuses to assure themselves, as well as others, that they are not smokers. Whether you decide to call it "social smoking", or try to label it.
Liamputtong, P. & Ezzy, D., 2005, Qualitative research methods, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 12-31.
charged with covering up the addictive properties of nicotine and finding ways to exploit it to increase profits. For example, in Wigand’s interview for 60 Minutes, he says that tobacco companies view cigarettes only as a delivery device for nicotine. He also says they take advantage of the addictive properties by manipulating and adj...
While smoking no doubt may be bad for your health, not everyone dies from it or gets diagnosed with cancer or some other illness. The author gives twenty-seven names of real life smokers and their stories of what types of consequences they suffered from. Each story is different, and each is trying to get you to see the dangers in cigarette smoking and what it can cause. The article also gives a brief tip on where to find help to quit smoking, such as in Beatrice’s story where she describes techniques used to successfully quit smoking. Many of the others in this article did not however find the courage to quit and are faced with many difficulties. In Brandon’s story he “describes losing his foot, fingers, and other body parts to Buerger’s disease, a disorder linked to smoking.” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3). In his commercial, Brett informed viewers that he had acquired a gum disease and by the age of 42 had lost most of his teeth due to smoking. Julia was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at age 49, which nearly killed her. Marlene stated that
Smoking is one of the dangerous habits that people perform in their lives. This habit affects the health and causes several diseases, such as lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary disease (Institute of Medicine, 2012). In the family I visited, the father is a smoker. He strongly approves with the idea of smoking while the mother strongly disapproves the idea of smoking. Both of them know that smoking is harmful to the smoker, but the father does not know that smoking is harmful for other people who are called: second hand smokers. In addition, the father was at the age of 15 when he started smoking cigarettes. There is more than one reason that pushed the father to start smoking when he was a teenager. One of these reasons is copying the behavior of his father. He believes it would be difficult for him to give up smoking. I agree that quit of smoking is difficult since cigarettes contain nicotine, which is more addictive than heroin and also smoking becomes part of his daily routine (Giovanni, 2012).
Scientists and health officials have been arguing the detrimental effects smoking has on our health for many years. Smoking can lead to serious complications including asthma, pancreas, lung and stomach cancer due to the large number of carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) and other various substances added to it. It is a health hazard for both smokers and non-smokers and it is especially harmful to unborn babies. Although smokers claim that it helps them to relax and release stress, the negative aspects of the habit take over the positive. As it has been stressed by the scientists and experts, there are some very severe reasons of smoking but its crucial consequences should also be taken into consideration.