In this world, most materials that are known to man are classified to be in either solids, liquids, or gases states. However, liquids and gases can also be classified into one common state which is fluid state or fluids (Smits, 2000). Fluids is one of the most important elements in our lives. The water we drink, the air that we breathe, the rivers that flows, the oil that we use are all fluids. Fluids, as mentioned by Munson, Young, Okiishi, and Huebsch (2010), is defined as “a substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any magnitude” (p. 4). Fluids can also be described as a component that constantly undergoes physical changes due to shear force which is a force that acts tangentially to its area (Massey & Ward-Smith, 2012). Fluids have certain properties that liquids and gases have in common which differentiate it from solids such as its ability to flow and change shape. However, the properties of fluids that is important in any engineering applications are density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility and bulk modulus, vapour pressure and cavitation (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix). In this information report, only two major properties of fluids that will be focus on which are density and viscosity. properties related to density and viscosity are further described
The first major property of fluids that is used in many types of applications is the fluids’ density. In engineering, density can be sub-divided into three types which are mass or mean density, specific weight, and also relative density or specific gravity. Mass or mean density is the most commonly used type of density and it is denoted by the Greek symbol r (rho) in units of kilogram per unit volume (kg/m3) (Munson, Young, Okii...
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Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., Okiishi, T. H., & Huebsch, W. W. (2010). Fundamentals of fluid mechanics (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Smits, A. J. (2000). A physical introduction to fluid mechanics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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They just forgot to mention the other effects of fluids in nature. “The influence of the fluid on a body moving through it depends not only on the body’s velocity but also on the velocity of the fluid,” this is called relative velocity ( ). The relative velocity of a body in a fluid has an effect on the magnitude of the acting forces. For example, as a long distance runner is running into a head wind, the force of the fluid is very strong. If the runner is running with the help of a tail wind, the current’s force is reduced and may even be unnoticeable.
Spahn, Justin, Cynthia Whyte, and Northrop Grumman. "A Change in the Winds: Studying Bernoulli's Principle." A Change in the Winds: Studying Bernoulli's Principle. Science Buddies, 4 Sept. 2013. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
In classical fluid dynamics, the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous fluids and its special (limiting) case the Euler equations for inviscid fluids are sets of non-linear partial differential equations that describes the spatiotemporal evolution of a fluid (gas). Both equations are derived from conservative principles and they model the behavior of some macroscopic variables namely: mass density, velocity and temperature.
The two dominant physical properties of oil and gas that enhance their movement through subsurface substance are their relative immiscibility in water and their lower density than water which causes their buoyancy. Buoyancy of the hydrocarbons occurs because of differences in densities of respective fluids while transcend via the oil and gas reservoir is a stimuli which creates differential pressures that exist in a reservoir bed.
The shear viscosity is a transport coefficient for momentum in inhomogeneous flows. This transport coefficient, which is widely used to describe both plasmas and fluids, relates two hydrodynamic quantities: shear stress and shear rate. The shear stress Pxy is the off-diagonal element of a pressure tensor, and the shear rate γ is the transverse gradient of the flow velocity u. For a flow in the y direction,
Introduction to Aerodynamics Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of fluids in the gas state and bodies in motion relative to the fluid/air. In other words, the study of aerodynamics is the study of fluid dynamics specifically relating to air or the gas state of matter. When an object travels through fluid/air there are two types of flow characteristics that happen, laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow is a smooth, steady flow over a smooth surface and it has little disturbance. Intuition would lead to the belief that this type of air flow would be desirable.
Using Mathematics to Improve Fluid Intelligence Vali Siada MARCH 2011 VOLUME 58, NUMBER 3 http://www.ams.org/notices/201103/rtx110300432p.pdf
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This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
On a more scientific note I am interested in mechanics of fluids. This interest was enforced last year when I had the opportunity to attend a lecture on fluid mechanics at P&G. At the conference I greatly expanded my knowledge regarding the physical aspect of fluids and their properties. In last year's AS course we have met a topic in this field. I will be applying ideas and knowledge gathered from last year for this investigation.
Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2011). Thermodynamics: An engineering approach (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.¬¬¬¬
Surface Tension: The contractive tendency of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. This is measured in Newton.
Liquids have no definite shape. Liquids are less orderly than solids but more orderly than gases. Liquids can flow very easily. Liquids also take the shape of their container.
Projectile motion is used in our daily lives, from war, to the path of the water in the water fountain, to sports. When using a water fountain or hose, projectile motion can be used to describe the path and motion of the water. This technology was created by finding the angle at which the water would come out at a maximum height and the person using it would be able to drink it without leaning over too much. These types of projectile motion will be further explored and analyzed in this assessment.