INTRODUCTION
Parks
Parks are defined by the Cambridge English dictionary as “a large area of land with grass and trees, usually surrounded by fences or walls, and specially arranged so that people can walk in it for pleasure or children can play in it”. Parks can have many types as well as scales corresponding to the type of park and type of activity carried out in it.
Types of Parks
Parks are a form of recreational projects providing a service to the public and the community. There are several types of parks on different levels respectively: mini park, neighborhood parks, community parks and regional parks. (Park Classifications)
Classification Description Typical Use Size
Mini park Urban "pockets" or triangles; Greenspaces with local uses Passive Uses: Small group gathering; seating areas; public art sites 250-4,000 m²…show more content…
In this essay, the author
Explains that parks are defined by the cambridge english dictionary as a large area of land with grass and trees, usually surrounded by fences or walls, and specially arranged so that people can walk in it for pleasure or children can play
Explains that parks are recreational projects providing a service to the public and the community. there are several types of parks on different levels respectively.
Describes neighborhood driven use: playgrounds and playing fields, courts and structures; internal trails, picnic/seating area, dog parks.
Describes community-driven uses of recreation centers, playgrounds, play fields, courts, structures, internal trails, picnic/seating area, dog parks, and arts opportunities.
Describes natural areas or developed areas for a variety of outdoor recreation activities: ball fields, playgrounds, boating, fishing, swimming, picnicking, and trail systems.
Describes the high activity uses of recreation centers, trails, play fields, courts, structures, and multiple activity areas.
Explains that the site is accessible from one main street and 3 secondary streets namely: port said street, mohammed kadri basha street on east side, and mohammed bek abou el-dahab to the south of the main road.
Illustrates the wind direction, speed, frequency, temperature and humidity in cairo, egypt. the optimum orientation for ventilation is facing north.
Explains that in a congested area of high urban heat island and pollution, it is best to design according to the area they are living in and their traditions while trying to achieve sustainable building.
Opines that no building height should be higher than minarets of mosque ibn tulun and sayeda zaynab.
Concludes that the park's best use is to enhance the interaction of the people with each other and create a sense of community between people in the neighborhood.
Describes the features of the project, including community participation, local materials, labors, and techniques.
Describes the 1,800 m2 kids' playground, tree houses, swings with harness, a forest of water spheres, and toboggan cascade.
Explains that the historic district is a congested area consisting mainly of structures and minimum green and water areas.
Cites abdelhalim, a. i., and archdaily. children's bicentennial park.
Basic unit of park system. Neighborhood central location Neighborhood Driven Use: Playgrounds and playing fields, courts and structures; internal trails, picnic/seating area, dog parks 4,000-60,000 m²
Community park Larger parks with structured recreational opportunities serving multiple nearby neighborhoods. Community Driven Use: Recreation centers; playgrounds, play fields, courts and structures; internal trails, picnic/seating area, dog parks, arts opportunities 64,000-400,000 m²
Metropolitan park Large park facilities, serve multiple communities, serve the entire city Natural areas or developed areas for a variety of outdoor recreation activities: ball fields, playgrounds, boating, fishing, swimming, picnicking, and trail systems 404,000-2,000,000m²
Regional park Large, easily accessible multi-use parks drawing from beyond adjacent neighborhoods High activity uses: Recreation centers (may be specialized), trails; play fields, courts and structures; multiple activity areas More than 21,000,000m²
Initially the question of the affects of parks and their various attributes on real estate value may seem an absurd question for an Economic Developer to think about. However, the value of real estate is of prime importance to the community and the Economic Developer due to the nature of land as an appreciating commodity. Therefore it is necessary that we study the possibility that real estate and land values could be modified by the a park. By understanding the consequences of these uses of land can be an effective strategy for passive Economic Development. Rather than making direct improvements to each parcel we change land uses near real estate clusters to change the values of many properties at once. In order to better understand the impact that a park can have on a community it is necessary to understand the nature of parks, the attributes that contribute to their impact as well as how we might utilize this knowledge to create a strategy for Economic Development. First I will define parks as they pertain to this discussion and specific land uses that qualify for study as a park. Second I will review the available literature on the impact of parks and categorize these studies based on the attributes studied and the area of effect that was established the studies. Following the literature review we will critically discuss the effects and their implications for economic development. I will then conclude by discussing areas for further study and possibly policies for utilizing the park impact in as a means to economic development.
In this essay, the author
Explains the importance of understanding the impacts of parks on real estate values and how they can be used to create a strategy for economic development.
Explains that the term park can be used to define a variety of spaces in our society. larger green spaces oriented near the periphery are not included due to the lack of housing density and accessibility.
Explains that literature pertaining to the attributes of parks that impact real estate values can be broken down into four broad categories based on the set of characteristics that were studied.
Suggests using land value or rental rates for apartments as a substitute for real estate values.
Argues that a cost versus benefit study is the first step in trying to replicate the results of the studies.
The Public Park as a typology has a long history. Many parks started out as Royal Hunting Grounds or private property of the aristocracy like the Tiergarten in Berlin. Others have their roots in public acquisition of land by local governments with the intent in creating an urban green space for recreation such as Stanley Park in Vancouver. The Public Park movement began in England with the advent of industrialization. With people moving to the cities and leaving the country there was a need for public green spaces which lead to the idea that all social classes would interact in the park atmosphere resulting in less deviant behavior outside of the park. (Forrest & Konijnendijk, 2005)
In this essay, the author
Explains that the public park typology has a long history. many parks started out as royal hunting grounds or private property of the elite like the tiergarten in berlin. the public park movement began in england with the advent of industrialization
Analyzes how peter joseph lenné influenced by the english landscape movement and christian hirchfeld's "theorie der gartenkurst" saw a need to create parks that were connected to work class neighbourhoods and could be used by everyone in the city.
Analyzes the tiergarten's legacy as a public park on the creation of stanley park.
Explains that tiergarten began as a royal game preserve bought from the town of cölln in 1527 by the elector.
Explains that tiergarten encompasses two hundred and forty hectares of land that are bisected by the charlottenburger chaussee on an east west axis.
Explains that schlosspark bellevue was inspired by le nôtre and created by knobelsdorff. lenné kept his influence minimal by widening the existing watercourses to form a pond and transformed the garden étoile.
Explains that the die zelten is another area of significance to design of the park. hennerish in 1698 originally created this semi circle shaped platz; knobelsdorff updated it to the baroque style around 1740.
Explains that the brandenburg gate is the most recognized symbol for berlin and sits at the opening to the east side of the tiergarten.
Explains that the park has a truly english landscape feel in the wedge shaped areas south of the grosse stern.
Explains how the neue see facilitated the draining of the swampy area and created the zoological gardens, shipping canal, and lake.
Explains that stanley park is the heart of vancouver. it is composed of four hundred and five hectares of forest with recreational landscaped areas along the edges closest to the city.
Explains that the urban forest of stanley park is the highlight of this magnificent park. emily carr describes sketching in the park in her 1911 autobiography growing pains.
Describes stanley park as seven miles of virgin forest, three quarters surrounded by sea, with no living creature but dog billie and me, submerged beneath a drown of undergrowth.
Explains that the park's forest in the early 21st century had minimal human involvement. selective logging created skid roads that are now the walking trails.
Describes stanley park's seawall as one of the most visited attractions. the eight-kilometer paved and stone seawall was built from 1917 to 1975 and runs the shoreline.
Explains the creation of the causeway corridor, a causeway created through coal harbour resulting in the lost lagoon being established, highway 99 and the lions gate bridge.
Explains that the lost lagoon is presented in the english style with a walking path around it and selectively planted trees and gardens. the park board has also planted memorial gardens such as the rose garden.
Explains that the park consists of constructed areas that have been added gradually over time, such as the rose garden, the aquarium, playgrounds, and the second beach pool.
Compares the design ideas of the tiergarten and stanley park. both parks use meandering walkways, manmade lakes, and planned formal gardens.
Compares teirgarten and stanley park as public parks designed to meet the recreational needs of the city they are located in. both allow people to walk, take refreshment and relax in the natural landscape.
Compares stanley park with hirchefeld's idea of what a public garden should be. the board made decisions regarding the function and form of the park that would fall in the middle of both class needs, ideas and wants.
Explains that stanley park was established in a low-lying swampy area and was not intentionally designed expect in those areas that are between the forest and the city.
Explains that berlin's tiergarten: evolution of an urban park. carr, e. (2005). growing pains.
Cites hinz, g., and hirschfeld, c.c. l. in parshall's theory of garden art.
Describes kheraj, s., leatherbarrow, d. and mcdonald, r.
Describes parks canada's stanley park, national historic site of canada, commemorative integrity statement.
One of the best parks in St. Louis is the Forest Park. It is one of the largest parks in the U.S. Among being a nice place to take a walk and relax for the day. It also is the home of other cultural activities. These activities include the St. Louis Zoo. Science center, and art and history museum. Kids and parents will love visiting these areas to have a great day. In the park, it is also a major sports hotspot too. You can participate in many sports like baseball, golf, tennis, and ice skating. The park is a major part of St. Louis’ community experience. “ It's more than a scenic backdrop to our city. It's an active participant and catalyst in the St. Louis community,” (Compton 1). This quote shows us that Forest Park is helping our community
In this essay, the author
Explains that forest park is one of the best parks in st. louis. it is also a major sports hotspot.
Growing up in a county with two state parks ten miles either way from me, a lot of my summer holidays and family events were held there. I always found that environment to be very enjoyable. State parks are a great resource for outdoor leisure and recreation, have a good economic impact and benefit communities in numerous ways. The parks are filled with numerous activities and educational experiences, all of which can be enjoyed in the presence of nature.
In this essay, the author
Explains that state parks are a great resource for outdoor leisure and recreation, have good economic impact and benefit communities in numerous ways.
Explains that pennsylvania state parks offer educational programs for all ages, kindergarten through senior year, and work with students according to grade level.
Explains that the department of conservation and natural resources has a website dedicated to state parks.
Explains that recreation is the most widespread public value associated with parks, but there are other values that encourage people to go and keep people coming back.
Explains that a physical activity survey was conducted in afton state park of minnesota. the survey's results and other ongoing research provided awareness to park managers.
Explains that recreation is an important part of life because it gives us relief from everyday stresses.
Explains that the second part of the survey asked for the same voters to voice their willingness to pay park systems to get access to these values.
Explains that state parks are a hot spot for tourism and provide jobs. the national association of state park directors estimates that up to four-hundred states could close this year if budget cuts go into effect.
The City funds an extensive parks and recreation system, ensuring its citizens remain active year-round. Rockville's active residents enjoy spending time in one of the city's many parks and public spaces. With over 75 parks, the city of Rockville gives its residents many options and offers a wide array of activity and recreation to those of all ages. Popular parks feature amenities, such as art in public places, baseball / softball / soccer and multi-use fields, basketball courts, public gardens, playgrounds, tennis Courts, and volleyball
In this essay, the author
Explains kerry roth is an expert in montgomery county real estate and can guide buyers towards homes and neighborhoods that speak to their individual needs.
Explains that rockville is regarded as one of the country's top cities for the wonderful quality of life it offers its residents.
Describes the history of the historic city of rockville, which dates back to america's earliest colonial days.
Explains that the city of rockville funds an extensive parks and recreation system, ensuring its citizens remain active year-round.
As a sign of our times, urban development has been occurring throughout the United States and the global arena at a rapid rate. In the course of this development, the green spaces of cities have been affected in a generally negative way. Overall, people have lost recreational sites for play and relaxation, which are crucial to a healthy society. Look at our nation’s capitol. Thanks to the great influx of businesses and firms entering the District, the green space has been slowly declining. Washingtonians are beginning to fear that one of America’s largest and most beautiful parks—Rock Creek Park—will fall victim to the urban development encouraged by the profit-seeking government. The government believes that urban development is the most effective way to produce the space of the city. However, some citizens feel that Rock Creek Park is a space that must be preserved for the society’s well being.
In this essay, the author
Explains that klingle road runs through a green finger of parkland adjacent to the national zoological park. lacking funds, the drainage system left the road in shambles.
Explains that washingtonians have been chanting "save it, don't pave it!" since the summer of 2000. they want what's left of the road torn up and made green space.
Argues that klingle road is an important part of the grid work of streets in d.c.
Explains that some well-healed residents of klingle road took advantage of corrupt, decrepit, and bankrupt d.c. government to gain confidence of gary burch, former chief engineer of the city.
Argues that a park in klingle road is not practical because of its location. it is also one of the largest forested urban parks in the united states.
Analyzes the economic and racial divide between the two groups, stating that the west favors preservation of green space and klingle valley, while the east prefers reconstruction of the road.
Compares the views of stanley rabinowitz, a retired rabbi, and the organization east of the park for klingle valley, which favors green space preservation.
Explains that during their research of the local scene, they noticed vital discrepancies that should be brought to the audience’s attention.
Explains that klingle road is not a point source polluter, but the tregaron estate, which is adjacent to the road, is accessible even without it.
Explains that urban sprawl in the united kingdom and the netherlands was an elitist concept, which was harder to sell politically than horror stories of starvation and famine.
Argues that urban development has negatively affected the green spaces of cities in washington, d.c.
Explains that klingle valley is a main watershed for rock creek, and wetlands occupy the lower end of the valley.
Explains that klingle road constitutes less than one-tenth of one percent of rock creek park. road closure advocates on the west want to increase their property value and keep their neighborhood free of noise.
Argues that the klingle road issue is a heated debate, which may involve deception and some ‘bending of the truth.’
Argues that community relations have not been a major focal point in washington, d.c., specifically klingle valley.
One of the most important and major characteristics about a big city is its population. Its population creates an environment that affects the city either to attract more people or to keep people away. For example, if a city has a reputation of not being safe, then people would not want to live there. However, if it has a reputation of having a friendly environment, then people would like to visit or even move there. As a result, the city would have to increase in size to fit all of its population. Cities with a friendly environment, like Philadelphia, increases in population, therefore they have to create recreational places. Recreational places are areas where people are able to participate in activities for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure
In this essay, the author
Describes the concept of a cosmopolitan canopy in elijah anderson's book, the cosmopolitanic canopy.
Describes rittenhouse square as one of the five original parks by william penn, located in center city, surrounded by luxury apartments, stores, and restaurants.
Explains that rittenhouse square has people of different races, genders, and social classes. they describe the diversity of people in the park.
Explains that diversity in rittenhouse square makes this park a cosmopolitan canopy because people accept the fact that there are different kinds of people around them.
Observes that rittenhouse square is cosmopolitan because of its social class. the homeless man sat outside a restaurant and waited for people to walk by to ask for money.
Explains that rittenhouse square is a cosmopolitan canopy because it attracts people from all ages.
Concludes that rittenhouse square is a cosmopolitan canopy because there is diversity in race, gender, age, and social class.
Opines that rittenhouse square can make a difference by accepting everyone who walks in that park no matter their social class or race, but it also has its flaws.
Public land. "Public," meaning everyone owns it. Every United States citizen has a right to recreate on the lands preserved for us. So, what does that mean? There are a lot of us, and we all have different ideas of what's fun to do outside. How do we decide which activities can be allowed without someone getting their toes stepped on? If the land belongs to all of us, and we have a responsibility to preserve it for generations to come, then how should we manage it?
In this essay, the author
Explains that every united states citizen has a right to recreate on the lands preserved for them. we all have different ideas of what's fun to do outside.
Explains that off-highway vehicles are the mode of choice for millions of americans who want to experience the outdoors. they're blamed for irreparable damage to the environment.
Opines that ohv use on public land is much more complex than that. it is possible, but also very necessary to include everyone when making decisions about a specific area.
Explains that environmentalists view compromise in any form as a step backward. compromise means that the environment lost ground to something else, like oil companies or housing developers.
Explains that off-highway vehicle users view a compromise the same way environmentalists do, but for different reasons. they consider themselves responsible citizens exercising their right to use public lands.
Explains how skiers and snowmobilers in the sawtooth national forest managed to come up with a plan for their area that designated where each activity was appropriate.
Opines that a blanket statement that off-highway vehicles are permitted everywhere or permitted nowhere is useless and unfair, but it's damaging as well.
Glenn, Stacia. "Youths Push for New Park." Student Research Center. N.p., 22 Aug. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2013.
In this essay, the author
Opines that all moderately sized towns should have a skatepark for three main reasons: it will make the town look nice, the kids won’t be getting into trouble for skating around town, and it’s safer than skating in the streets.
Explains that skateboarders everywhere get into trouble for skating their favorite spots in town, which is annoying for staff and business owners. skateboarding is happening with or without a skatepark.
Opines that a good skatepark is good for the town, but it benefits skateboarders and kids the most.
Concludes that towns should have public skateparks for three reasons: it will make the town look like a nice place to live, the kids in town won't be getting into trouble for skating around town, and it is safer than skating in the streets.
Concludes that towns should have public skateparks for three reasons: it will make the town look nice, the kids won't be getting into trouble for skating around town, and it is a lot safer than skating in he streets.
Describes glenn, stacia, "youths push for new park." student research center.
A prevalent but highly economical constraint that has plagued inner city communities is a lack of financial income. Studies have identified “costs of registration, equipment and travel expenses”, as key determents of the lack of participation within recreational activities by lower and single income families (Hughes et al, 1992). Though many programs are offered for free, programs which require fees discourage youth in lower income families from participating (Torrance, 1998). Many Inner cities do not offer recreational programs for its residents within the community, forcing the residents to seek recreational activates elsewhere. This results in additional investments in both time and transportation cost, as many low income families cannot afford a car (Hughes et al, 1992). This causes a strain on single parent families with more than one child, as they struggle to find programs which are suitable for various ages in different locations (Hughes et al, 1992). Another socioeconomic constraint which has heavily impacted recreational activities throughout inner city communities, is a lack of facilities and space for community centers. Residents of low income communities often reside in neighborhoods which lack resources needed to facilitate positive recreational involvement. A study in regards to the
In this essay, the author
Focuses on the different activities offered to single parent families living inner city communities and the benefits and constraints that come along with these provided services.
Explains that inner city communities have high unemployment, poor health care, inadequate educational opportunities, dilapidated housing, high infant mortality, and extreme poverty.
Explains that recreational activities are beneficial to inner city communities as it helps foster and build personal, social and economical growth. recreational activities can reduce self-destructive behavior, negative social activity, crime, racism, isolation, loneliness, and alienation.
Explains that while recreational activities are beneficial for single-parent families, there are also challenging constraints that plague inner-city communities.
Concludes that recreational and leisurely activities strongly benefit residents of inner city communities. single parent families benefit from recreational activities in numerous aspects, as it fosters positive growth.