2.6.3 Functional Groups
2.6.3.1 Hydrocarbon Groups
Essential oils commonly contain alkene functional groups. Alkenes functional group is characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond that has special chemical properties due to its electron density. Alkene hydrocarbons can be classified into endocyclic, exocyclic and acyclic alkenes. In endocyclic alkenes the carbon-carbon double bond can form part of the ring, while in exocyclic alkenes it can be found in the side chain.
2.6.3.2 Hydroxyl Groups
Alcohols have the hydroxyl functional group attached to the C10 hydrocarbon skeleton (). They are relatively nontoxic, non-mutagenic and have low irritancy and allergenicity (). Monoterpene alcohols are found in many essential oils, but in lim-ited amounts. Sesquiterpene alcohols are found in specific essential oils only. Ex-amples of alcohols include artemisia alcohol, β-citronellol, farnesol, geraniol, (+)-linalool, and (-)-menthol ().
Phenols have their hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring, causing the –OH group to form a weak acid which reacts fairly. They might be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Examples of phenols include carvacrol, chavicol, cresol, eugenol, guaiacol, isoeugenol and thymol ().
2.6.3.3 Carbonyl Containing Groups
Aldehydes are widely distributed in essential oils having a slight fruity odor and characterized
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The oxygen group might be part of a ring producing cyclic ether known as oxides. Cineole is the most common oxide found in essential oils, which can form 1,8-cineole the most abundant form, or 1,4-cineole, which is rarely found in essential oils. Epoxide is another type of cyclic ether where the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membraned ring with two carbon atoms. During oxidative metabolism of alkenes, epoxides are formed. Examples of ethers include β-asarone, elemicin, estragole, methyleugenol, phenylethyl methyl ether and myristicin
Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14 to C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain (C16 to C30) alcohols. Their melting points (60 to 100 _C) are generally higher than those of triacylglycerols.In plankton, the free-floating microorganism sat the bottom of the food chain for marine animals, and waxes are the chief storage form of metabolic fuel. Waxes also serve a diversity of other functions related to their water-repellent properties and their firm consistency. Certain skin glands of vertebrates secrete waxes to protect hair and skin and keep it pliable, lubricated, and waterproof. Birds, particularly waterfowl, secrete waxes from their preen glands to keep their feathers water-repellent. The shiny leaves of holly, rhododendrons, poison ivy, and many tropical plants are coated with a thick layer of waxes, which prevents excessive evaporation of water and protects against parasites. Biological waxes find a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. Lanolin (from lamb’s wool), beeswax carnauba wax (from a Brazilian palm tree), and wax extracted from spermaceti oil (from whales ;)
There are four different types of hydrocarbons each having a different homologous series (formula for carbon chain). These being an alkane (formula = CnH2n+2), alkene (formula = CnH2n), alkyne (formula = CnH2n-2), and an alkanol which has the same formulae as an alkane only that is has a hydroxide molecule which replaces one of the hydrogen atoms (refer to figure 3 and
Anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones,secoiridoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, coumarins, and isoflavones form a large class of polyphenols, which are phenolic compounds. This study, however, focuses on one category of these phenolic compounds: phenolic acids. These particular compounds have been classified into two groups, namely hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids. The most common hydroxybenzoic acids are protocatechuic acid and gallic acid, while hydroxycinnamic acids include ferulic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and sinapic acid, (Nigdikar, Williams, Griffin, & Howard). Unlike hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids usually occur at very low levels in some black radish, red fruits, and onions, accounting for about 10 ppm on a fresh weight basis. Protocatechuic ac...
What is aromatherapy? In an article titled “Phytotherapy Research” by Amr Edris, he describes aromatherapy as, “The use of essential oils and their volatile constituents are widely to prevent and treat human disease.” Aromatherapy is said to be an alternate form of medicine that uses essential oils, which are made up of volatile plant materials. With these essential oils it is said that they help to alter a person’s mood, health, mind, and cognitive function. It is also said that aromatherapy could substitute as treatment or prevention for certain diseases. There are many different types of oils used for aromatherapy in different ways for different outcomes. Such methods include the topical application, aerial diffusion, and direct inhalation. Topical application is any direct contact with the oil, used such as placing the oil in a bath or directly on to the skin. Aerial diffusion is where the oil is placed on the carpet around you or even on to a pillow or bed. Direct inhalation is a method where the oil is placed on the hands and rubbed together then while cupping your hands under your face to inhale the oils, this has a very powerful effect when used. Some uses of aromatherapy are for used as anti-depressants, relive stress, help with relaxation, insomnia, acne, itching and many more. To cure anxiety lavender, chamomile, rose, vanilla, and cardamom oils are all used for this. Lemon, jasmine, rosemary, sandalwood, and peppermint oils are all used to help with depression. When dealing with fatigue it is said that basil, cedarwood, clove, and eucalyptus all help. Headaches can be cured with lemon grass, thyme, ginger, and cinnamon oils. Caraway, chamomile, lavender, and rosemary oils are all used to help with menstrual cramps. The...
This fits with the Diels-Alder reaction taking place a... ... middle of paper ... ... teraction of the HOMO of the diene and the LUMO of the dienophile. This reaction was done at relatively low temperatures as the dry ether has a boiling point of 34.6 °C. At low temperature the endo preference predominates unless there is extreme steric hindrance, which in this case there is not.
The first group of chemical compounds to be discussed are terpenes. Terpenes are a very comprehensive group of metabolites which are known to contain essential oils that produces well-known scents in herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family (Scott 2008). These scented compounds are usually found in the trichomes of basil, rosemary, lavender, etc. (Scott 2008). Electron micrograph images of these trichomes can be seen below. According to Keeling & Boltmann (2006), there are about 30 000 known types of terpenes which originated from structures created from terpene synthases. These terpene synthases can be broken up into three groups, monoterpene synthases, sesquiterpene synthases, and diterpene synthases (Keeling &...
Alcohol is an ethanol containing substance that is a common beverage in many social and private settings. Alcohol is also a teratogen, therefore alcohol co...
electrophile (electron pair acceptor) with an attached leaving group. This experiment was a Williamson ether synthesis usually SN2, with an alkoxide and an alkyl halide. Conditions are favored with a strong nucleophile, good leaving group, and a polar aprotic solvent.
Essential oils were used by the ancient Egyptians’ to produce perfumes. They spent hundreds’ of years’ trying to perfect beautiful smel...
Look for hypoallergenic, fragrance-free products as a way to avoid unnecessary irritation or damage. One ingredient to avoid is alcohol. Read the labels very carefully when you are shopping for this
Tannins, a natural compound produced by many plants, have become a common topic when discussing various beverages and fruits, yet the truth is that tannins are compounds that can be found in most all plants and have a much more involved significance than astringent taste. Tannins are a type of plant product that is classified as a polyphenol (Cornell University 2014). Polyphenols, also referred to as phenolic compounds, can have a high molecular weight due to the attachment of one or many hydroxyl groups to an aromatic ring structure (Balasundram 2006). Phenolic compounds can commonly be found connected to single and complex sugars within plants (Balasundram 2006). There is a vast diversity within the plant polyphenols as related to composition, yet polyphenols are categorized into 12 different classes based on structure (Balasundram 2006). Tannins along with
Besides the use of essential oils in fragrances, there are approximately 3000 chemicals that are used in making of fragrance. It is used in many body care products and as well as perfumes, colons, and deodorants. As the studies have shown, such chemicals can trigger many different feelings hunger, nostalgia, happiness, or disgust. It is also used in many home products such as candles, cleaning products, laundry detergents, fabric care, and air fresheners. Fragrances are made with essential oils, which consists of extract of a plant. However, about 95 percent of the ing...
These oils also rejuvenate the skin if you are one of those suffering from dry skin as a result of age or maturity by encouraging the growth of new cells. The oils better known for their anti-aging qualities are lavender, geranium, neroli, rosemary and rose. These oils should be mixed together and used only after exfoliation and cleansing of the face (cleansing should always be done before any treatment). The other oils that can be included in aromatherapy treatment mixtures are carrot seed, jasmine, peppermint, chamomile, frankincense, cistus, myrrh, palmarosa, helichrysum, and sandalwood oil. A little amount of this should be gently applied on skin once a day for the desired
Glycosides might be phenol, liquor or sulfur mixes. They are portrayed by a sugar bit or moiety connected by an exceptional attach to one or non-sugar parcels. Many plants store chemicals as inert glycosides, which can be enacted by catalyst hydrolysis (40). Glycosides have therapeutic properties, for example, anticancer (41), narcotic (42) and stomach related properties (43).
Alcohol is a class of organic compounds that is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Alcohol was unknowingly produced centuries ago when fermentation occurred to crushed grapes (Pines, 1931). In today’s society alcohol is produced for the use of household products such as varnishes, cleaning products, but is more commercially important in the liquor business. A chemical process called fermentation accomplishes the production of ethanol, the alcohol or liquor. From there, the ethanol goes through distinct processes to become the dark and clear liquors on the store shelves.