NSHIP BETWEEN GUT MICROBIOTA AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
Introduction
Diabetes is a metabolic disease, that causes a person to have high blood pressure. There are two kinds of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is the loss of insulin producing cells, leading to a deficiency of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is where the person is insulin resistant. Insulin is a peptide hormone, which causes cells to absorb the various glucose it requires. Type 2 diabetes is the most widespread endocrine disease worldwide. Metagenome wide associated study took on a study that was based on the determination of type 2 diabetes and relationship to gut microbial by using the deep shot gun sequencing of the gut microbial. The study consisted of 345 Chinese's individuals that were used to help find any relationships. 60000 type 2 diabetes associated markers were used and linked to type 2 diabetes. Gut microbes are living organisms that live in the gut and the digestive tract. Patients with type 2 diabetes were characterized by a moderate degree of gut microbial symbiosis. Symbiosis is a interaction between different microbial organisms, there are various types of symbiosis such as mutalistic, parasitic and communalistic. The abundance of butyrate producing bacteria as well as the opportunistic pathogens were determined as well. Enrichment of microbial functions due to sulphate reduction and oxidative stress resistance was found. Further studies were also performed with addition of individuals to the study. Gut microbial markers may be useful for classifying type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes has become a major disorder that has affected the world significantly, studies from the genome wide association studies, show that type 2 diabetes may be involved in other geno...
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... a large role and impact significantly on how the body reacts to other organisms and disease. The study was biased as only one ethnical group was tested on the Chinese, perhaps the suggestion of carrying out the same study on other ethnical groups could be explored and studied, by doing this it can be seen if the ethnical group impacts the gut microbes, and if a change in that would cause an effect on type 2 diabetes patients. The study made great use of all the different orthologues, categories and many different data bases, while compiling their own references and taxonomic indexes, while this was great, refereeing to too many data bases may confuse areas that you are looking at examining, it's important to keep on topic and evaluate in appropriately. The study left many others avenues opened and lots more research can be done to further understand their finding.
Diabetes is a disease rapidly increasing throughout the world today, and it is often referred to as the world’s modern epidemic. Each year, more than 13,000 young people are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes making it an increasing chronic illness. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body’s own immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, normally the body's immune system fights off foreign invaders like viruses or bacteria. Unfortunately an individual with type 1 diabetes immune system attacks various cells in their body and results in a complete deficiency of the insulin hormone. The rapid increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in genetically stable populations implies an important role for environmental factors. Individuals that suffer from type 1 diabetes have an imbalance of sugar and because enough isn’t moved into the cells the insulin isn’t produced. When sugar accumulates in blood instead of cells, the body refrains and seeks more nutrients and other body functions are in charge of providing energy for the essential systems in the body. While the exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown it is often said that it is caused from an autoimmune disorder. Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be extremely careful because an infection or any other pathogens can causes the body to inadvisably attack the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Type 1 diabetes is also hereditary. While type 1 diabetes eludes both children and adults it gets its nickname Juvenile Diabetes from the prevalence in its diagnosis in children, adolescents and young adults. Imagine having the responsibility of taking on such a sensible role of being insulin dependent for the rest of your life, most being under the age of 5. Al...
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy. Diabetes falls into two main categories: type 1, or juvenile diabetes, which usually occurs during childhood or adolescence, and type 2, or adult-onset diabetes, the most common form of the disease, usually occurring after age 40. Type 1 results from the body’s immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The onset of juvenile diabetes is much higher in the winter than in the summer. This association has been repeatedly confirmed in diabetes research. Type 2 is characterized by “insulin resistance,” or an inability of the cells to use insulin, sometimes accompanied by a deficiency in insulin production. There is also sometimes a third type of diabetes considered. It is gestational diabetes, which occurs when the body is not able to properly use insulin during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes encompasses nine out of 10 diabetic cases. Diabetes is the fifth-deadliest disease in the United States, and it has no cure. The total annual economic cost of diabetes in 2002 was estimated to be $132 billion, or one out of every 10 health care dollars spent in the United States. Diabetes risk factors can fall into three major categories: family history, obesity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Minority groups and elderly are at the greatest risk of developing diabetes.
The purpose of this study is to research the disease Type 2 Diabetes and to discover whether it is being effectively treated and prevented in Merced County, California. According to the National Institutes of Health, Diabetes Mellitus is “a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It is also the most common form of Diabetes”.1 Furthermore, there are many risk and lifestyle factors associated with this disease, but the most prevalent are; obesity (#1 risk factor), sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating habits, family history and genetics, increased age, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, and a history of gestational diabetes.2 The long term complications of having type 2 diabetes can include but are not limited to; eye problems (cataracts and glaucoma), foot problems (neuropathy/ nerve damage), skin problems (infections), high blood pressure (which raises your risk for heart attack, stroke, eye problems and kidney disease), hearing loss, oral health, mental health and early death.3
The health problem I have chosen is Type 2 Diabetes. Research has shown that early detection of symptoms of diabetes is crucial and important as it may prevent further difficulties. It is difficult to always identify if symptoms are linked to Type 2 Diabetes because they are often less taxing on an individual’s day-to-day activities. Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes include but are not limited to frequent urination, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, numbness in hands or feet, and feeling either very thirsty or hungry (American Diabetes Association, 2014).Risk factors of this health issue include but again, are not limited to, weight (being overweight is a high risk factor), lack of movement during daily activities, family history and genetics, race, and age (Risk Factors of Diabetes, Mayo Clinic, 2014).
Insulin is produced in the pancreas, inside the pancreas are pancreatic islets cells which secrete the insulin. Pancreatic islets are also known as islets of langerhans, they are clumps of cells scattered among the pancreatic cells. This hormone is known to be produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. Blood glucose is also known as blood sugars, these blood sugars are required to be at a normal (80-100 mg of sugar) level. Hyposecretion can cause type 1 diabetes mellitus, which means that not enough blood glucose is not leaving the blood. The hyposecretion is caused by many factors like tumors in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of the insulin receptors not being able to send the message to the cell to produce
Diabetes affects 18.2 million people in the United States. It is often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus and described as, “… a metabolic disease in which the person has high blood sugar …” (Collazo- Clavell et all. 2009), either because the insulin is inadequate or the body’s cells don’t respond well to the insulin. The health and economic consequences of diabetes are considerable. The majority of people that have diabetes live in low and middle income countries, where the prevalence of the disease is high. There are three types of diabetes that are called type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Although diabetes is a disorder, it can lead to other diseases such as heart attack, kidney failure or death. A person that has diabetes has to maintain a healthy lifestyle, by eating the right diet, controlling their blood sugar level, and be optimistic.
How could people know that they have type 2 diabetes? If someone have type 2 Diabetes the person will be able to tell that when they have an increased urination, excessive thirst it means that if they have to urinate frequently, particularly if they often have to get up at night to use the bathroom (ref). Losing weight and overly high blood sugar level can also cause rapid weight loss e.g. 10 – 20 pounds over two or three months, but it is not a healthy weight loss because the insulin hormone stops getting glucose into the cells, where it can be used as energy, the body thinks that it will be starving and starts breaking down protein from the muscles as an alternate source of fuel (ref), which can be harmful because the kidneys are working
YJT Task 1 Presentation Plan: A. Purpose: The purpose of this presentation is to persuade people who are pre-diabetic or have diabetes, to consider drinking apple cider vinegar, as an alternative to lowering blood sugar. The goal is to get more diabetics to use this natural remedy as part of a healthy lifestyle to managing diabetes. B. Audience: The ideal audience for this presentation would be those with diabetes, or those who are in the pre-diabetic stage. The topic at hand of discussion would also be appropriate for any person regardless of age, race, or health status, due to the fact that anyone could develop diabetes. C. Significance: This topic is important for my chosen audience because managing the components of diabetes can ACV has similar actions to most diabetic medications, which block the body’s ability to digest sugar and starches which in return regulates blood glucose levels (Hills, 2012).
Diabetes type 2 occurs when the body produces too little insulin or is unable to use the insulin correctly. (Jen Grogan and Ruth Suter 2008 p. 2.1.13) Diabetes is a chronic disease where there are high levels of glucose in the blood as it cannot leave the bloodstream and cannot enter cells without the assistance of insulin. (Jen Grogan and Ruth Suter 2008 p. 2.1.9)
Type 2 diabetes is the common form of diabetes that some problems cause blood sugar levels rise higher than normal. Patients with type 2 diabetes, their bodies make the insulin needed to convert glucose or blood sugar into energy, but insulin isn’t use inefficiency. Glucose then build up in their bloodstream and can choke off small blood vessels leading to blindness, kidney failure, amputation. It is difficult to manage because taking blood sugar counts four times a day, monitoring diet, staying productive and engaged. People lived in poverty and under stress would have higher risk to have diabetes.
Diabetes is a chronic disease with the ability to be fatal to an individual. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin for the body. There are over 1 million people living with diabetes in Australia, with thousands of new diagnoses every year. (Shaw, 2012) There are two main types of diabetes; Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. The most common is Type 2 diabetes, establishing almost 90% of all diabetes incidents. (Diabetes Australia, n.d.) Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed at young ages and can be genetically passed on. (American Diabetes Association, n.d.) Living with type 1 means the pancreas struggles to produce or doesn’t produce insulin. (American Diabetes Association, n.d.) Insulin shots are performed multiple times throughout the day, before a meal, to convert the glucose in food to energy. The other main type of diabetes is gestational diabetes which occurs in pregnant women. (American Diabetes Association, n.d.) Glucose regulation plays a major part
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of metabolism. It is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Diabetes mellitus is a significant public problem that affects about 26 million Americans in the United States has diabetes. Diabetes can go silently undetected for a long time without symptoms. Many people first become aware that they have diabetes when they develop one of its potentially life threatening complications, such as heart disease, blindness or nerve disease.
Do the nation know that there are too many individuals living with diabetes or prediabetes even children? According to the article, “In the last decade, the cases of people living with diabetes jumped almost 50 percent – to more than 29 million Americans. Worldwide, it afflicts more than 380 million people. And the World Health Organization estimates that by 2030, that number of people living with diabetes will more than double"(Diabetes Research Institute Foundation, 2016).
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance or both reasons. (1) According to that diabetes mellitus can be divided as type I and type II. This is common and its incidence is rising, 171 million people had diabetes in 2000 it is expected this condition to be doubled in 2030. It is spread in all the countries and therefore has become a major burden upon healthcare facilities. (2)
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood glucose, commonly called blood sugar. Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Glucose comes from two different sources, your liver and food. It's also your brain's main source of fuel. Glucose is made and stored in the liver. When your blood sugar gets low then your liver will use the stored glucose to keep your blood sugar level normal. If you have diabetes it means you have too much glucose in your blood. This is where insulin comes in. Diabetes is a growing epidemic in America's many nutritional diseases. There are a few factors that can cause or increase a person's chance of getting diabetes. Poor nutritional choices are a big factor in the cause of diabetes. The sad part is the increase is happening to the young children and teenagers in America. I will talk about what diabetes is, the increase in diabetes and why it’s so high, the complications that follow the diagnosis, and how it can be treated or reduced with diet and exercise.