Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease that results in insulin dependence due to failure of secretion of the hormone insulin by beta cells in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes usually manifests in childhood, < 20 years of age – the reason for which it was formerly termed juvenile diabetes, and is more prevalent in Caucasians then in any other ethnicity (Diabetes Basics, n.d.). The key to proper management is early detection, patient education, and most importantly patient compliance.
The patient will commonly present with multiple symptoms, the most common are the 3 P’s – polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. However, subjective symptoms may include reports of fatigue, abdominal pain, nocturnal enuresis, weight loss, changes in mood, and blurred vision. Objectively the signs will be hyperglycemia, confirmation of weight loss, abnormal lab values such as an elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, and abnormal urine results.
Upon assessment of a patient with, or suspected of, type 1 diabetes ask about recent infections, including yeast, and/or illnesses. Assess whether they have had injuries become more easily infected or take longer to heal. Also ask if they have had any changes in vision or sense of touch (Ignatavicius, 2012, p. 1418).
Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in a child, or adolescent, is usually straightforward and generally requires little diagnostic testing. A good indication of diabetes is an abnormal, or hyperglycemic, blood glucose test: casual glucose test (anytime) ≥ 200mg/dl or fasting glucose test (8 hours after eating) ≥ 126 mg/dl. The HbA1c measures the glycated hemoglobin in the blood to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over a 2 – 3 month period, a result of 6.5% - average blood gluc...
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus also known as juvenile diabetes is a serious condition in which the pancreas produces a small amount or no insulin at all. Insulin is a hormone the body needs to transfer sugar into cells to create energy. This disease is most common in children, but can occur in adults around their late 30’s to early 40’s. Unlike patients with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes patients are not usually overweight.
While discussing how the diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus will affect Hannah, information about the disease, symptoms and signs, how the body is affected by the disease, pathogenesis, as well as the economic impact it carries will be included.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the beta-cells are killed off by the immune system. This is because an inflammation is caused which the immune system fights off, ultimately destroying all/majority of beta cells. The role of the beta cells is to produce insulin within the pancreas. The beta cells are signalled when to release insulin’s to certain parts of the body. A person with type 1 diabetes is likely to have lost 70-80%1 of their beta-cells mass which is why they must manually inject insulin into themselves to maintain a healthy blood glucose level. When the blood glucose level falls (hypoglycaemia) you begin to lose energy.
Diabetes education is a structured education and self-management (at diagnosis and regularly reviewed and reinforced) to promote awareness. Diet and lifestyle, healthy diet, weight loss if the person is overweight, smoking cessation, regular physical exercise. Maximizing glucose control while minimizing adverse effects of treatment such as hypoglycemia. Reduction of other risk factors for complications of diabetes, including the early detection and management of hypertension, drug treatment to modify lipid levels and consideration of antiplatelet therapy with aspirin. Early intervention for complications of diabetes,, including cardiovascular disease, feet problems, eye problems, kidney problems and neuropathy.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is also referred to as insulin-dependent as the secretion of the hormone insulin by the pancreas is reduced to minor levels due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by immune system of the body. Therefore, Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition due to the fact that the body is harming the pancreas with antibodies so beta cells cannot make any insulin for bloodstream to take in glucose. The fact that the cells in the body cannot take in glucose means that it builds up in the blood and hyperglycaemia occurs. This abnormally high level of blood glucose is able to harm the nervous system, tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, heart and the eyes. Type 1 Diabetes is fatal when left untreated as it then causes heart disease, kidney disease, damage to the nerves, stroke and
Type 1 Diabetes formerly called juvenile onset diabetes occurs typically before the age of 20, but now at any age anyone can be diagnosed with type 1. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are usually thin, go to the bathroom a lot to urinate, and are always hungry. The cause of Type 1 Diabetes is that the pancreas, which is the organ that secretes insulin, is destroyed by auto antibodies, which is why people with Type 1 Diabetes always need insulin, either to be injected or through an insulin pump. When glucose cannot enter the cells, it builds up in the blood causing the body's cells to starve to death. People with type 1 diabetes mus...
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Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong auto-immune condition in which the body can't control the
My interest in this topic is a result of recent experiences with Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (DMI), especially with the following two instances: a young adult patient admitted at the hospital following a DKA episode during one of my nursing rotations and one of my instructors with type 1 diabetes. Also, my father was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, this has increased my eagerness to study and explore more about the disease.
Now that we have a general idea of how our body regulates sugar intake we can discuss exactly what diabetes is. It is a disease in which your body is unable to use glucose for energy, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. There are a few different types of diabetes. In some cases, a person’s body does not make insulin at all. Thus, there is no insulin to tell your cells to use the glucose for energy. This is called type 1 diabetes, or it was previously known as juvenile diabetes. Only 5 to 10% of diabetes cases are diagnosed as type 1 (Grosvenor & Smolin, 93). It is usually discovered before a pers...
Knowing the extensive impact of a new diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes would be helpful in creating a conventional environment for the newly diagnosed. There are many factors that will influence for a positive outcome from such a negative life changing event. Understanding that a chronic illness affects many aspects of one’s life is key to being successful in having control of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth (American Diabetes Association). Previous research has suggested proper insulin management, a balanced diet and exercise will help maintain glycemic control and lessen the chance of complications (Couch 2008).
The patient has experienced fever, chills on body, headaches and anorexia as well as sweating especially during the night. The patient has also been feeling fatigued, muscle aches and nausea as well as vomiting especially after eating (WHO, 2010, p. 117). These symptoms started forty eight hours ago, and the patient has not taken any medication except for some aspirin.
Diabetes care in the school and day care setting. (2011). The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/suppl_1/s49.