2.1.1 Comparison between Turbo-Expander and ordinary Pressure Reduction Regulator
The following table shows the functional differences between Turbo-Expander (TE) and Pressure Reduction Regulator (PRR).
Parameters
Ordinary Pressure
Reduction Regulator
Turbo-Expander
Forces lowering gas pressure
Only the flow resistance
The flow resistance and the resistance of the turbine blades. The flow resistance is much smaller than in the PRR.
Consequences of gas flowing through the system
The drop in pressure creates friction.
Large portion of the pressure drop is used to perform external work, the remaining (much smaller than in the PRR) causes friction.
Overall Temperature drop
Temperature drop is only due to the Joule’s effect:
- Thomson, approx.
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The most significant of these are the Large Capital Cost of these systems themselves, and the noticeable value of recoverable electricity generated. The other key factors include the pressure drop and the gas flow rate, which combined determine the power production potential, and variability in flow.
• Capital Costs – The total cost for complete Expander system includes the equipment costs for the Turboexpander, generator, gearbox, utility interconnect, pre- or post-heaters, supply connections and controls, as well as the overall installation and engineering costs. The cost varies from $500 to $2,500/kW. The minimum cost per kW was on the biggest system explaining that some economies of scale do exist. Normally, however, the installations are very site specific and demand significant engineering design, and do not lend easily to the economies of standard configurations or prepackaged designs that might lower costs.
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The largest cost is due to the fuel required for pre- or post-heating of the gas during the process. Other than these, there are maintenance costs for the Turboexpander equipment as well. A report by AGA estimated the annual non-fuel O&M (operating and maintenance) costs at 2% of capital costs. [101]
• Pressure Ratio – The power recovery potential is roughly proportional to the pressure ratio, i.e., the ratio of inlet pressure to outlet pressure. Bigger pressure ratios result in higher power generation. While usual operating pressures are well below maximum Expander pressure ratios, there is also a minimum pressure ratio as well that must be maintained, below which the Turboexpander will not function.
• Flow Rate – The variability in flow rates is an important point in project economics. The gas flow rates, particularly at stations, varies over a huge range due to seasonal, daily and hourly demand fluctuations. The expander can generally operate between 45 and 150 percent of design flow, but the exact capabilities vary from manufacturers to manufacturer. If the size of the system is too large, then, there will be significant periods where pressure and flow will be below the minimum requirements and the system will remain useless. In contrary, if the system is sized too small and capital cost economies are lost, then, there
This paper has informed you on multiple parts and operations of 7.3 litre injectors. Listing their parts, both internal and external. How the entire system works as one, and how it makes the engine run. Without fuel of some sort the engine would not run. So with this research paper I hope you have learned something.
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