Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of public health importance globally that is spread by inhalation of organisms known as mycobacterium tuberculosis and commonly affects the lungs.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is said to affect most of the world’s population. According to the 2013 report on global tuberculosis control published by the WHO, an estimated 8.6 million people developed TB and 1.3 million died from the disease. Of these, 320 000 deaths were among HIV-positive people, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa.
There are also rising cases of multidrug resistant TB (MDR TB) cases reported worldwide. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most potent first line anti TB drugs. The 2013 global TB report showed that 29% of cases of MDR TB were in South East Asia and 27% in sub-Saharan Africa. Estimates also showed that 450,000 people developed MDR-TB, with 170,000 deaths. (WHO, Global tuberculosis report , 2013) MDR‐TB is spread by either transmission from one patient to another, ingestion of poor quality drugs for treatment of initial cases of TB, poor adherence in a patient who had a sensitive strain of TB and also in patients who may have primary resistance to one of the anti TB drugs.
Retreatment cases are patients who were previously treated for tuberculosis but require treatment for a new episode of smear positive TB due to defaulting on drugs or if they fail on the first line course of anti TB drugs.
Though TB is very wide spread, it is also very curable if patients are given the appropriate support while on treatment to be able to adhere to drugs which also have a multitude of serious but manageable side...
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...ssential in the diagnosis of MDR-TB; paying for laboratory services, wages for employees as well as other concomitant medications and administrative costs.
Operational: The implementation of the suggested DOTS strategy normally requires many staffs both in the community to assist patients from there and also at the clinic and since it’s not a specialised TB clinic, the number of staff would be a limitation.
Also, carrying out specialized culture results as well as the drug susceptibility testing requires staffs that are well trained and this may be a constraint as they may not be available. Staffs to offer comprehensive TB care may not be available as this is not a specialized TB clinic.
Once these challenges are overcome, the goals of TB control can be achieved i.e. reduction in morbidity, mortality, disease transmission and improvement of the quality of life.
Its epidemiological importance is illustrated by World Health Organization Prevention of Tuberculosis includes better living conditions, proper nutrition, and positive health practices” (Fogel, 2015, p.530). Positive health practices include covering nose and mouth when coughing and frequent hand washing. Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine tends to be given in other countries. Tuberculosis is known as one of the main causes of mortality in the world. This communicable disease is a serious public health conundrum. “The disease still puts a strain on public health, being only second to HIV/AIDS in causing high mortality rates” (Matteelli, Roggi, & Carvalho, 2014, p.
Realizing that some patients might not complete the lengthy treatment because they have to work to take care of their families, the socioeconomic factors are a big impact, such as transportation for example, and of course the language and cultural barriers. Make sure there are brochures in the intended languages to accommodate patients. Have someone who there who can speak Spanish, in this case, to best understand them as well as them understanding what needs to be done to prevent the spreading of TB. The best way to manage any potential conflict is to educate yourself as a nurse not only in the disease but in the population you will be treating. In these populations, nurses have to really learn about the culture and the sensitivity of that group of people. Attempting to understand and educating the population is the best way to manage any potential
Tuberculosis or TB, referred to by some as the White death due to the epidemic that arose in Europe that lasted two hundred years, is usually caused by in humans by a microorganism by substrains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s hard to determine the exact years in which TB first infected humans, but since the disease leaves traces on the bone in can be found in archeological record and it is believed to go all the way back to the B.C. era. Although it is hard to tell if the bone damage was truly from TB, there is research that shows that it has been around since the 17th and 18th centuries with a high number of incidences of TB, and in 1882 Dr. Robert Koch announced that his discovery of the causing factor of TB, which is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A tuberculosis bacterium is spread through the air by an infected person speaking, coughing, or sneezing. Due to the fact the bacteria is protected by a waxy cell all, the body’s defense takes weeks to develop any kind of immunity and it allows the bacteria to exponentially multiply freely within the body. If TB it’s left untreated it will eat rapidly through many tissues, usually beginning with the lungs, lymph nodes, and kidneys. As the infection spreads to the lungs, it causes a cough and fluid between the chest wall and lungs, which leads to chest pains, severe shortness of breath, and potential heart failure. TB also infects bones and joints that can produce arthritis like pain and characteristic bone damage. Another possibility is that it may affect the fluid around the brain, causing meningitis, which can lead to fever, drowsiness, and eventually coma and death (Wingerson, 2009).
Tuberculosis is an air-borne disease, hence, it can be passed from an infected person to a healthy individual through coughing, sneezing and other salivary secretions. Tuberculosis is caused by the transfer of Mycobacteriun Tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) also known as Tubercle Bacillus, a small particle of 1-5 microns in diameter, due to the small size, when an infected person sneezes or coughs, about 3,000 particles are expelled. M. Tuberculosis responsible for tuberculosis is able to stay in the air for a long period of time (about 6hoursAnother way of acquiring Tuberculosis is by drinking unpasteurized milk, milk straight from cow, although this is not a common mode of transmission, it can be found in rural areas. Ingestion of contaminated cow milk transmits Mycobacterium Bovis, the animal form which is still potent enough to cause tuberculosis in humans. ). Tuberculosis transmission is affected by exposure, socioeconomic status of person, proximity, immune status of uninfected individual (%&&%&? CDC).
Promote for positions and laws to lead control of TB in local, state, territorial levels.
TB is a disease that can cause a serious illness and can damage a person's
Education can be a powerful weapon in fighting tuberculosis in the United States also around the world. Today, it is encouraging how so many people know how TB contracts human and what cause drug resistant effects among those who are under TB treatment.
Many health care workers are required to get tested for TB to determine whether they have being affected by TB bacteria and to take further precautions to not get sick and or contaminated patients.
TB is a significant zoonotic disease (a disease of animals which can also infect humans).
In the modern day, Tuberculosis is almost exclusively a threat to third-world and developing nations. It is hard, as members of a modern, industrialized nation, to understand TB's force and its worldwide ramifications without having done research of some sort on the disease. As Americans, the people of this country are almost absolved from feeling any affects of the disease whatsoever. It was not always this way.
Tuberculosis (TB), a deadly contagious disease is among the three major infectious killers that causes high mortality and morbidity, worldwide.1 Tuberculosis infects one-third of the world's population with an estimated 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths every year (WHO, 2012)2. Tuberculosis prevention has become more complex due to increased resistance against different antibiotics including rifampicin.3
"TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSTICS Xpert MTB/RIF Test." . World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 13 May 2014. .
As part of the screening for exposure to TB, the healthcare provider can ask the patient if he or she has traveled outside the country, especially the countries where TB disease is common (Latin America countries, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia). In addition, TB screening should be initiated if the patient demonstrate symptoms resembling TB infection, such as fever, night sweats, cough, and weight loss. Furthermore, inquire if the patient has spent some time in prison
Throughout the beginning phases of tuberculosis, people that take medical care are insisted to keep physically remote for two weeks or longer while receiving treatment to insure that they are no longer contagious. This causes depression, possibly affecting the patient's life long
4.) Means-Markwell, MC, USNR, LCDR Melissa. Prevention of tuberculosis. Aug 2000 Postgraduate Medicine. 16 July 2006 .