Tsetse Fly African sleeping sickness is an infectious disease of tropical Africa. This infectious disease is caused by a protozoan organism that exists as a parasite in the blood of a number of vertebrate hosts. There are three variations of the disease that predominate in humans are transmitted by an insect vector: Two types of African sleeping sickness are caused by the following: Trypanosoma rhodesiense and T. gambiense, both transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. Trypanosome, which early symptoms include fever, headache, and chills, followed by anaemia and joint pains. Later, the disease attacks the central nervous system, causing drowsiness, lethargy, and, if left untreated, death. The cycle of this deadly disease starts out with the tsetse fly and usually end in death if untreated. Tsetse flies are classified in the phylum Arthropoda, class insecta, order Diptera, family Trypanosoma. Tsetse flies are unusual insects. The medium to large brown flies are between six to 14mm long, excluding its proboscis (which is the trunk-like process of the head). The wings are folded and scissor-like while at rest and extend a short distance beyond the end of the abdomen. Other flies have their wings projecting side-ways unlike the tsetse fly, which has overlapping wings. Tsetse flies are confined to Africa. There are 390 different species and four are found in Zambia. They are in the same family as the house and horse flies, they feed extensively on blood be it that of humans or animals. They are parasites that live in the blood or tissue of humans and other vertebrates. Egg and larval stages develop within the female. The female fly produces only one egg at a time. The larva hatches from the egg and is nourished during the growing period inside the body of the parent. When the larva is full-grown, it is deposited on the ground, and it becomes a pupa. She gives birth every 9 to 10 days. Tsetse flies mate only once, but that mating provides enough sperm to fertilize the female throughout her 90 to 100 day lifespan. Female tsetses produce at most nine larvae and therefore have one of the lowest reproduction rates in the insect world. The single-celled trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness spend their time cycling between humans and tsetse flies. They linger in the gut of the fly, absorbing amino acids and other molecules that the fly gets by biting mammals. After about ten days the trypanosomes move into the fly's salivary glands.
One key distinction is the sex combs on the male’s foreleg, which is characteristic that is lacking in the females. Another way to distinguish the sex of the flies is to carefully examine the tip of the abdomen in each. The females tend to have a lighter colored abdomen that is more pointy and long. On the other hand, males tend to have darker pigmented abdomen that is round and short. In general, females tend to have a larger body than males. Sex determination can easily be accomplished even under a low power magnification, which adds to the ease of using fruit flies to study genetic
With no treatment half of patients who enter the second phase die within ten to fourteen days. Similar to yellow fever, malaria was transmitted to humans through mosquito bites, causing symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and vomiting. Difficult to recognize at first malaria continues to cause yellowing of the skin, seizures, and even death; these symptoms normally begin after ten to fifteen days after being contracted. Malaria was brought over to early America through slavery and killed millions of people between the seventeenth and twentieth century. Throughout the growth and expansion of America there was been several disease outbreaks both endemic and epidemic such as small pox, measles, yellow fever, and malaria. Starting with the Colombian exchange and slavery these diseases were brought to the new world and spread like wildfires that devastated populations both native and nonnative. Most commonly known for the death toll on the native Americans these diseases were so costly due to low resistance, poor sanitation, and inadequate
This disgusting worm parasite is spread by flies and mosquitoes. The adult worm spreads its larvae throughout the host’s lymphatic system and causes the lymph nodes to become clogged up. This also makes the tissue in the host’s body to swell up and create massive muscle deformations, otherwise known as elephantiasis. The elephantiasis mainly affects the legs and genitals. The disease also affects the eyes but that can be easily detected through close inspection but it commonly causes river blindness in the host. It’s been estimated that the parasite is one of the leading causes of blindness throughout the world.
The bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, carried and transferred by the fleas on small rodents. Without treatment, the disease kills 2/3 of infected humans within the first four days of infection. The most vile symptom that first appears on the infected is an infection to the lymph glands after being bit by a flea which carried the virus. These, when infected with the plague, are called buboes and are most often found on the victim's armpits, crotch and neck area. Other symptoms of the plague are chills, high fever, muscle cramps, seizures, vomiting and anything else your worst enemy would wish upon you. All the symptoms though, are caused by the skin decomposing. The Black Plague is so deadly that your body begins to starts to decompose and shut down before you're even dead.
The infection transferred easily as breathing the air of an infected victim in some cases. The disease came in three different forms such as, Bubonic, Sympathetic, Pneumonic but all resulted from the same thing. Although the disease was rarely spread from human to human people were still frightened because it could spread from clothing to a cut in the skin. It also was contagious if you had close contact with a rat or had got bite by a flea.
Malaria is spread when the mosquito picks up the parasites from the blood of an infected human when it feeds. The mosquito will first recieve the malaria parasite from feeding on the blood of a person who may not neccessarily show symptoms of the disease, but has the parasites in their bloodstream. When the mosquito feeds again, these parasites will be passed on to another human being. Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, pain in the joints, headache, repeated vomiting, generalized convulsions, and coma. If not treated, the disease, especially that caused by protozoa falciparum, will progress to severe malaria. Severe malaria generally results in death.
is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population
There are many symptoms such as: high fever, delirium, vomiting, muscle pain, bleeding from the lungs, mental confusion, being tired, weakness, and heavily sweating. When victims start to get these symptoms, it is most likely that they have the disease. After catching the disease people on average only survived for two to four more days. It was rare that the disease spread from person to person. Most cases it is when a human gets bit by an infected flea containing the disease. (The Black Death 245)
17. Fruit flies normally have eight chromosomes. The diagram below shows the result of meiosis in three fruit flies to produce gametes with the number of chromosomes indicated. The male then mates with both female A and female B to produce three zygotes (1, 2, and 3).
There are nearly one million species of insects known. Insects are defined by having six legs and a body divided into three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen. Chitin is an organic material that makes up an insects exoskeleton. There are three life cycles of insects, ametabolous or incomplete and paurometabolous or gradual, and homotabolous or complete metamorphosis. These life cycles are important in the aging of insects for aiding in legal investigations, (Houck and Siegel. Entomology).
My first experience with malaria was at age 12. I remember missing school due to being hospitalized for about two weeks. Quinine drip was the drug of choice during that time, the side effects of this medication was worse than the effects of malaria. I personally call it a night mare disease because I remember the scary dreams I had during my malaria attack, I was hallucinating and I did not want my mother to turn off the lights at night, I wanted her to hold me tight and even though I would almost fall asleep I didn’t want to close my eyes. To this date I will do anything to prevent myself from this number one killer disease in Africa.
It is believed that this virus has been in hiding since ancient times. The lack of knowledge about it’s natural history and reservoirs keeps researchers seeking out the mysterious virus that has no treatment or cure. Based on the available evidence and comparisons of similar viruses, researchers believed the virus to be animal-borne and that the host animal is native to Africa. Their attempts have been unsuccessful, and the source of the virus or where it circulates in between outbreaks is unknown.
Vesicular stomatitis is a disease that affects horses and other livestock.The disease can be spread by direct contact with infected animals that have signs of the disease such as those with sores or by blood-sucking insects. In the southwestern US, black flies are the main spread of it. Where this disease is familiar, sand flies are also known to spread it.This virus can spread to humans when they are treating affected animals but this rarely happens, and may cause flu-like diseases.
Malaria is caused by mosquitoes infected with certain parasites. You can be infected by a mosquito with the parasites P. Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Malariae, P. Ovale, and P. Knowlesi. In the first couple of days after being infected with P. Falciparum, you might encounter life-threatening situations. People who are infected with P. Vivax, P. Malariae, or P. Ovale are not in much danger of death, and most can recover without treatment. Alternatively, P. Knowlesi can be lethal. When an infected mosquito bites a person, they get malaria. Other mosquitoes that bite that person can spread the disease, so you can get malaria directly from a parasite-infected mosquito or a mosquito that bit someone who already...
The name of the creature responsible is Yersinia Pestinis (Clones). The pathogen travels from person to person pneumonically (Black Death). This sickness can even effect animals such as cows, sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens. A large amount of sheep died, so many died that there was a European wool shortage (History).