Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections as cited by the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey that can affect both pediatrics and adults [4,6]. Locally, this type of infection was ranked as fourth leading cause of Morbidity in Iloilo City [15]. Such infections can be acquired either as health care associated or in the community. The cause of such infection also includes the following but not limited to poor hygiene, sex, instrumentation, anatomic structure, etc. [6]and Out of the several causative agents, Escherichia coli and other coliforms played as major causative agents[7,10].
Urinary tract Infections are commonly treated with sulfamethoxazole - trimethoprim and fluoroquinolones[7,10,12]. However, due to the frequency of antibiotic use, recurrent or chronic UTI and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to the resistance of the common uropathogens specifically Enterobacteriaceae[13]. Other factors that lead to the acquisition resistance such as adaptation, transduction, conjugation, transformation, transposons, and efflux are also one of the reasons that render the commonly used antibiotic less effective. According to the WHO[14], antimicrobial resistance is of global concerns because of the following reasons: it hampers the control of infectious diseases, threatens a return to the pre-antibiotic era, increases costs of health care, jeopardizes health-care gains to society and threatens health security, damages trade and economy.
Although this study acknowledges the availability of data provided the DOH and other international agencies, such data is not always readily available especially within our local area. To address these issues, this study used the laboratory data base of a tertiary ...
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... Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2007, 6:4.
12. Ladhani, S. and Gransden, W. (2003). Increasing Antibiotic Resistance among Urinary Tract Isolates. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88:444-445.
13. Okeke, I. and Edelman, R, (2001). Dissemination of Antibiotic - Resistant Bacteria across Geographic Borders. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001; 33:364-9.
14. Taur, Y. and Smith M. (2007). Adherence to the Infectious Disease Society of America Guidelines in the Tretment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection. Clinical Infectious Disease 2007; 44:769-74.
15. Villavert, V (2012). UTI, 4th Leading Cause of Morbidity in Iloilo. Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved from: www.pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=921348033564onon June 17, 2013
16. WHO Fact Sheet (2013). Antimicrobial Resistance. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs194/en/ on June 17, 2013.
Tesfahunegn Z, Asrat D, Woldeamanuel Y, Estifanos K (2009) Bacteriology of surgical site and catheter related urinary tract infections among patients admitted in Mekelle Hospital, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 47(2):117-27.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has presented many problems in our society, including an increased chance of fatality due to infections that could have otherwise been treated with success. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overexposure to these drugs give the bacteria more opportunities to mutate, forming resistant strains. Through natural selection, those few mutated bacteria are able to survive treatments of antibiotics and then pass on their genes to other bacterial cells through lateral gene transfer (Zhaxybayeva, 2011). Once resistance builds in one patient, it is possible for the strain to be transmitted to others through improper hygiene and failure to isolate patients in hospitals.
Cystitis more commonly known as a urinary tract infection (UTI) or bacteriuria is a chronic infectious disease defined as inflammation of the urinary tract including the bladder and urinary tissue. Signs and symptoms develop due to aggravated epithelial tissue that line the bladder and urinary tract effected by the bacteria infecting them. There is a greater prevalence in women than in men, however when men develop a UTI they are at greater risk for complications such as pyelonephritis or septicemia (Lehne 2013). Bauman (2013) states that 32% of women will experience cystitis in their lifetime. Lehne (2013) states that up to 35% of sexually active females will develop a urinary tract infection each year and that up to 50% of females in nursing homes have cystitis at any given time.
Cohen, S. (1972). Nonchromosomal Antibiotic Resistance In Bacteria: Genetic Transformation Of Escherichia Coli By R-Factor DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 69(8), 2110-2114.
As such techniques were not used in this study, I defined a recurrent urinary tract infection as the presence of 2 10,000 col/ml of a single bacteria and one or more urinary symptoms occurring at least two weeks after the initial infection. This may lead to some misclassification of outcome; however, as long as the classification is not associated with the exposure(s) of interest the resulting measures of association should be biased toward the null hypothesis of no difference. The associations between hypothesized risk factors and repeat UTI were studied using multilevel contingency tables, with both stratification and multivariate techniques to control for confounding.3 I calculated six-month cumulative incidences of UTI, risk ratios (RR), and Mantel-Haenszel summary RRs. Exact 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were calculated around each RR using the method of Gart.4 A three-level symptoms scale, (0 = no hematuria or urgency, 1 = urgency alone, 2 = hematuria and urgency) was developed and used both as a dependent and
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are responsible for more than 8.1 million visits to physicians' offices per year and about five percent of all visits to primary care physicians. Approximately 40 percent of women and 12 percent of men will experience at least one symptomatic urinary tract infection during their lifetime (Sanchez, Gupta, & Hitler, 2012).
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the infection in any of the structures of urinary tract such as kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra (Balenine 2016). The urinary tract infection that is caused in any hospitals or health care centre or relating to any therapeutic treatment is said to be nosocomial urinary tract infection (Lacovelli et al., 2014). Nosocomial infection or Hospital acquired infection is defined as the infection which is obtained in the body due to h...
Active UTI’s develops when microorganisms from another infected site makes its way to the kidney and multiplying, thus producing pyelonephritis or by bacteria causing cystitis or pyelonephritis, or when medical equipment introduce microorganisms to the bladder from the urethra.
Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).
It makes it easier for bacteria to infect the urethra and travel upstream to the bladder and kidneys. The good report is that you can treat the infection with home remedies for UTI.
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
Bacteria can be found in healthy urine, so usually a doctor bases it off symptoms and the lab tests. For the people with reappearing UTIs, and for patients in the hospital, the urine may be seriously infected and civilized. The experiment is resolved by placing part of the urine in a test tube with a certain substance that makes the bacteria multiply, after this process is finished, they can be identified. Another test that can be taken is the sensitivity test, the test tests for sensitivity to different medicines and antibiotics to see which medication is best for treating the persons severe infection. If a person has recurrent UTIs, the doctor may order some extra exams to determine if the person’s urinary tract can get back to being
There are many areas of healthcare and medicine that have a strong need for the development of new products, treatments, and technologies. One such area that would greatly benefit from novel developments surrounds the threat posed by microbes to human health. Microbes exist in hundreds of different forms, making it very difficult to develop a generalized treatment that can combat a broad selection of microbes. The microbes can be very dangerous to human health. They can cause severe disease and possibly death if they are untreated. The problem has been exacerbated recently as microbes have become increasingly resilient and resistant to existing treatment options. These hardy strains of microbes can survive treatment with conventional antibiotics
This section of the paper examines the current literature as it pertains to the current research related to catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). A urinary tract infection is an infection that refers to any parts of the urethra, bladder or kidney. This type of infection is the most common type of healthcare-associated infection as reported by the National Healthcare Safety Network and 15-25% of hospitalized patients who received a catheter during their hospitalization (NHSN, 2017). A study by Nicolle (2014), hypothesized that urinary tract infection is attributed to the use of the indwelling catheter and is one of the most common infection in healthcare. Nicolle (2014) stipulates that 70-80% are related to a catheter used.
Knowledge of basic terms relating to antibiotic resistance is essential for a full understanding of the issue. A brief summary of bacteria, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance is incorporated below, as well as the history of antibiotics. Bacteria are small microorganisms that live everywhere on earth, with the exception of Arctic areas. Bacteria play a vital role in assisting with food digestion, nitrification, and decomposing dead organisms. Pathogens are bacteria that cause disease. Antibiotics are drugs that use microorganisms such as fungi and other bacteria to...