To date, over four thousand genetic diseases due to single gene defects have been discovered (“How many genetic diseases are there?”). These disorders are unavoidable because they are determined at the moment of conception. Since there are no preventative measures for such illnesses, the most doctors can do is prescribe courses of action for treatment or possible cures. Unfortunately, treatments and or cures for every disease have not been found. For example, researchers are searching for the faulty gene in Retinitis Pigmentosa, a genetic disease of the eyes, in order to determine a proper treatment for it. Support through funding is crucial to the success of this type of research. With the recent increase in technological knowledge, several new theories of treatment for Retinitis Pigmentosa and other genetic disorders have arisen. Retinitis Pigmentosa can be inherited from a dominant or recessive gene, an X-linked chromosome, or have an unknown cause. This disease causes trouble with vision in dim lighting or in the dark and loss of side or peripheral vision. The time that it takes for these effects to emerge depends on the individual who carries the disorder (“Retinitis Pigmentosa”). These permanent changes occur due to inactive retinal cells (“Retinitis Pigmentosa”), as well as rod and cone photoreceptor cell death in the eyes (Komeima). It is possible for some people with RP to also develop cataracts. Even though the cataracts can be removed, the patient will still have this disease after the procedure, with a partial amount of their vision restored (“Retinitis Pigmentosa”). The simplest theory of alleviating the symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa is to add certain supplements to your diet. Studies are currently “i... ... middle of paper ... ...atural Academy of Science of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences, 25 Jul 2006. Web. 27 Oct 2011. McCracken, Mark. “Electroporation.”. TeachMeFinance.com, 2011. Web. 15 Nov 2011. Pradhan, Monika, Ian Hayes, and Andrea Vincent. “An audit of genetic testing in diagnosis of inherited retinal disorders: a prerequisite for gene-specific intervention.” Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 37.7 (2009): 703-711. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Oct. 2011. Qian Huang, et al. “Rescue of Photoreceptors by BDNF Gene Transfer Using In Vivo Electroporation in the RCS Rat of Retinitis Pigmentosa.” Current Eye Research 34.9 (2009): 791-799. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Oct. 2011. “Retinitis Pigmentosa.” RNIB Supporting Blind and Partially Sighted People. Royal National Institute of Blind People, 16 May 2011. Web. 27 Oct 2011.
In the end, regardless of the scientific methods that could be used to treat different diseases and more specifically retinal degeneration, many studies should be conducted determine the potential clinical application of photobiomodulation with NIR for treatment of different injuries and disorders.
The purpose of the experiment is to study the rate of reaction through varying of concentrations of a catalyst or temperatures with a constant pH, and through the data obtained the rate law, constants, and activation energies can be experimentally determined. The rate law determines how the speed of a reaction occurs thus allowing the study of the overall mechanism formation in reactions. In the general form of the rate law it is A + B C or r=k[A]x[B]y. The rate of reaction can be affected by the concentration such as A and B in the previous equation, order of reactions, and the rate constant with each species in an overall chemical reaction. As a result, the rate law must be determined experimentally. In general, in a multi-step reac...
2. In order to determine how fast a reaction is occurring there must be a basis for measurement. There must also be an indicator substances to determine the change that took place. Then there must be a tool to measure the change. In this lab a spectrophotometer was used. The ABS value is the actual value and it is used to determine the rate of change.
6th ed. of the book. Stanford, a.k.a. The Science of Science, 2006. Print.
University of San Francisco. University of San Francisco, April/2000. Web. 11 Dec 2011. . Elster, Jon.
The first production Tuned Port Injection (TPI) systems appeared on General Motors' vehicles in 1985. The GM vehicles built with these systems were the Corvette, Pontiac Firebird, Pontiac Trans AM, and the Chevrolet Camaro. Upon their introduction, these systems achieved a 35 % improvement over carbureted systems and a 20% improvement over available forms of fuel injection in horsepower, torque and economy.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the affect of the use of a catalyst and temperature on the rate of reaction while keeping all the other factors that affect the reaction rate constant.
t = time, a = volume of reactant, k is a constant of proportionality; x is the order of reaction. Because k is a constant of proportionality 1/t is directly proportional to the rate of reactant. Then to find out the order of reaction in a catalysed system the volume of ammonia molbydate is varied and the concentration of the other reactants kept the same. Thirdly to investigate the activation energies, the concentrations are kept the same and the temperature is varied.
Many factors influence rates of chemical reactions. Some of these factors include: the nature of reactants, for example the formation of salts, acid-base reactions, and exchange of ions are fast reactions, while in reactions where bigger molecules are formed or break apart are typically slow; temperature, frequently, the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction; concentration effect, the reliance of reaction rates on concentrations are called rate laws. Rate laws are expressions of rates in terms of the concentra...
One vital process in the human body observed in chemistry is the idea of chemical kinetics. Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate of reactions, or how fast reactions occur.1 Three factors that affect chemical kinetics are concentration, temperature, and catalysis. As the concentration of a substance increases, the rate of the reaction also increases.1 This relationship is valid because when more of a substance is added in a reaction, it increases the likelihood that the
For the past century, Anthropology will be a never-ending study of the human kind. It concerns the interest of humans and human development. Anthropology
The Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid
The rate of reaction is how quickly or slowly reactants in chemical reactants turn into products. A low reaction rate is when the reaction takes a long time to take place; hence, a reaction that occurs quickly has a high reaction rate. A rate refers to how slow or quick the product is produced. It is possible to control the rate of chemical reactions and speed up or slow down the rate of chemical reactions by altering three main factors which are temperature, concentration and the surface area. When the temperature of the reactants increases, the molecules vibrate at a more intense speed therefore colliding with each other more frequently and with increased energy resulting in a greater rate of reaction. Accordingly, as the temperature decreases the molecules will move slower, colliding less frequently and with decreased energy resulting in the rate of reaction decreasing. Concentration is how much solute is dissolved into a solution and is also a factor that affects the rate of reaction. When the concentration is greater this means there is an increased amount of reactant atoms and molecules resulting in a higher chance that collisions between molecules will occur. A higher collision rate means a higher reaction rate. Consequently at lower concentrations there are reduced chances of the molecules colliding resulting in a lower reaction rate. The measurement of how much an area of a solid is exposed is called the surface area. The quicker a reaction will occur the more finely divided the solid is. For example, a powdered solid will usually have a greater rate of reaction in comparison to a solid lump that contains the same mass for it has a lower surface area than the powdered solid.
Gillespie R `Childfree And Feminine: Understanding The Gender Identity Of Voluntary Childless Women' Gender And Society 1st February 2003, vol.17 no. 1 pp122-136