Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Description of the Disability
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is a medical diagnosis which refers to closed or penetrative damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. Every year, TBIs affect approximately 150-250 people in a population of 100,000 (León-Carrión, Domínguez-Morales, Martín, & Murillo-Cabezas, 2005). The leading causes of TBI are traffic accidents, work injuries, sports injuries, and extreme violence (León-Carrión et al., 2005). TBI is most often fatal when the cause is an injury due to the use of firearms, a traffic accident, or a long fall (León-Carrión et al., 2005). However, fatality rates and rates of occurrence differ in various countries due to societal differences (León-Carrión et al., 2005).
TBI often varies in severity. It is often classified by its severity on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which rates the motor response, verbal response, and response as shown through eye movement of a patient during the 48 hours following his or her injury (Dawodu, 2011). This classifies the injury as mild, with a score of 13-15; moderate, with a score of 9-12; or severe, with a score of 3-8 (Dawodu, 2011). The injury may also be classified through the Ranchos Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning, which defines negative impact on cognitive functioning through the patient’s response time (Dawodu, 2011). Usually, the GCS corresponds with the Ranchos Los Amigos Scale, with more purposeful responses more evident in higher GCS scores. The changes that occur in a patient’s life are reflected best when considering the level of severity.
While fatality in TBI cases is a cause for concern, patients are more likely to survive the injury (León-Carrión et ...
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... all are receiving the best care possible from therapy.
In music therapy, a therapist should be positive and hopeful. However, this does not mean that a therapist should negate unhappy emotions that may be expressed by the client. Instead, he or she should respect these emotions and work with the patient to change them.
Works Cited
Dawodu, S. (2011). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) - definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology.
Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview
León-Carrión, J., Domínguez-Morales, M., Martín, J., & Murillo-Cabezas, F. (2005).
Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Retrieved from
http://www.springerlink.com/content/6213461j004054m1/fulltext.pdf
Murrey, G. (Ed.). (2006). Alternate Therapies in the Treatment of Brain Injury and
Neurobehavioural Disorders. London: Routledge.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, previously referred to as dementia pugilistica, can be understood as a tauopathic, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. While there is no neurobiological or neuropathological explanation as to why CTE occurs, the majority of researchers believe the disease is strongly related to previous head injuries. An individual suffering from CTE will most likely experience changes in their mood, behavior and cognition. Because this is a relatively new area of research, there are still a vast amount of unknowns pertaining to the disease’s symptoms, pathology, and natural course.
A serious brain injury could lead to bleeding in or around your brain, causing symptoms that may develop right away or later.
If I could have everyone's attention. Good-morning ladies and gentlemen. For those of you who don't know me my name is Jasmine Davenport. Today I’d like to discuss traumatic brain injury also referred to as TBI. I chose this topic because traumatic brain injury is a serious and complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Traumatic brain injury effects people of all ages and is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A traumatic brain injury can be caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts normal functions of the brain Also, traumatic brain injury can cause physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral affects.
The only result from the testing consistent with a brain injury was the abnormal pupil response of the right eye (constriction) (Traumatic brain injury, 2015). The physical effects that could have pointed to a brain injury were the laceration to the right side of the gentleman’s head and the amount of blood loss. The complaints from the patient that may have insisted a brain injury included a severe headache, dizziness, and nausea (Traumatic brain injury, 2015).
UB was only struck in the back of the head; however, as a result of countercoup movement, bleeding appeared in multiple areas of the brain. U.B. was jogging when a large truck struck him. Therefore, he was in motion when was hit on the back of the head by the side mirror of a truck moving in the same direction as him. Thus, he experienced an accelerating TBI (Walker, 1997, p. 9). In a closed head injury, the primary head injury occurred where he was struck in the back of the head, the coup, and the place that is point opposite of where he was struck (contra-coup). In U.B.’s case, the coup is the occipital lobe and the brain stem, as he was struck by the truck mirror on the back of the head. The contra-coup is the frontal lobe. Therefore, when
It is not the reason he is admitted to the hospital at this time, but it is crucial in the way he receives care because he is no longer able to speak or hear. Though he is alert, and can respond appropriately, he does suffer with forgetfulness from time to time, and that comes with both age and his injury. “A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is damage to the brain from an external mechanical force and not caused by neurodegenerative or congenital conditions” (Ignatavicius, Workman, Blair, Rebar and Winkelman, 2015, p. 946). In RW’s case, his TBI was caused by a car accident. TBIs can be temporary or permanent and lead to numerous impairments, whether it is cognitively, physically, and/or psychosocially. He is currently hospitalized for chest pain, and with a stress test and angiogram, doctors found there to be a mild case of cardiomegaly and atherosclerosis within 3 vessels of the heart. Cardiomegaly is an enlargement of the heart, but atherosclerosis is what the doctors really want to treat and prevent. “Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis, which is a thickening or hardening, of the atrial wall, often associated with age. With atherosclerosis, plaque is formed within the arterial wall and is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease” (Ignatavicius, 2015, p. 706). The exact pathophysiology is unknown, but is said to occur from blood vessel damage, causing inflammation. Populations at
The definition of a traumatic brain injury is damage inflicted to the head/brain due to an external mechanical force, for example falls in elderly people or road traffic accidents in younger people. A standardized approach to assessing the severity of the brain injury is advocated by the means of Glasgow coma scale (GCS). It is the universal classification system and it consists of assessing three categories; Eye, motor and verbal scales. The sum score ranges from 3 to 15. A score of 8 indicates a severe brain injury (Maas et al, 2008). Head injuries are often minor and not life-threatening. Majority of people with minor head injury will not get a subdural hematoma. However, one in three people with severe head injury will. (Willacy, 2011)
Over 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries are reported each year. According to reports the leading cause of brain injuries are from falls followed by motor vehicle accidents, and accidents that were a result of being struck by something. Falls account for 32.5% of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. 50% of all child brain injuries are from falling. 61 % of all traumatic brain injuries among adults are 65 years old or older. Traumatic brain injuries are very violent blows or jolts to the head or body that result in the penetration of the skull. Mild traumatic brain injuries can cause brief dysfunction of the brain cells. Serious brain injuries can cause bleeding, bruising, physical damage to other parts of the body and torn tissues. Brain injuries are more prevalent with males rather than females. Causes of brain injuries include:
Stocchetti, N., Pagan, F., Calappi, E., Canavesi, K., Beretta, L., Citerio, G., … Colombo, A., (2004). Inaccurate early assessment of neurological severity in head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(9), 1131-1140. doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1131
A traumatic brain injury can be described as any blow to the head that disrupts the normal function of the brain. The most common type of mild traumatic brain injury is a concussion and is one of the leading injuries among athletes. A concussion is defined as several common presenting symptoms that incorporate clinical, pathological and biomechanical aspects.1 Signs and symptoms of a concussion include physical symptoms such as nausea, headache, vomiting, balance problems, dizziness, visual problems and hypersensitivity to light and noise. Cognitive symptoms commonly include increased concentration issues and feeling mentally foggy, forgetful, confused. Emotional symptoms include irritability, sadness and increased anxiety. Sleep symptoms
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex brain injury that is produced by a sudden damage to the brain, resulting in a wide range of symptoms and infirmities. There are multiple different causes of TBIs, but damage to the brain comes in two forms: primary brain damage and secondary brain damage. Primary brain injury occurs at the time of impact. Secondary brain injury is the type of damage that progresses over time after the initial insult, leading to seizures, brain swelling and the like. This subsequent deterioration of the brain and its cellular processes is not the result of mechanical damage; instead, it signifies the successive pathological developments initiated with the primary injury. Secondary insult may be a potential focus
My objective in the long term is to provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link with “anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009 Traumatic Brain Injury)”, as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadly strain of encephalitis, I have a personal perspective that I feel brings much to the discussion. I see the information I am currently gathering at Empire State College as the building blocks that pave the way to a thrilling career in a growing segment of the mental health industry. The CDC claims that approximately 1.4 million Americans suffer TBIs annually (Centers for Disease Control Injury Center May 30, 2007 Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths) and it has been called the “signature injury” of the current wars in Iraq & Afghanistan by the National Alliance on Mental Illness. As such, it is my belief that we need to focus time and energy on developing new programs to help these patients to cope with the new limitations and encourage rehabilitation and restoration.
There is a handful of tools to diagnose a patient rapidly. For example, the Glasgow Coma Scale is a 15-point test which helps a doctor or other emergency medical personnel assess the initial severity of a brain injury. The scale is used to analyze a person ability to follow directions with verbal responses, motor skill responses, and eye responses. Abilities are scored numerically in the Glasgow Coma Scale. Higher scores mean the injury is less severe. Using the Glasgow Coma Scale when a reporting a possible traumatic brain injury, it may be possible to provide medical personnel with information that's useful in assessing the injured person's condition. Some tools that can help diagnose a patient even more in depth are a CT scan. A CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create a detailed view of the brain. A CT scan can quickly visualize fractures and uncover evidence of bleeding in the brain, blood clots, bruised brain tissue, and brain tissue swelling which will most likely give care providers an idea how to treat and whether or not immediate life threats may be
Traumatic brain injury falls into two categories. Penetrating TBI, also known as open TBI, is when an object penetrates the head and enters the brain tissue. Examples of this might be a knife, bullet, hammer, baseball bat, etc. Nonpenetrating TBI, also known as closed head injury or blunt TBI is when the damage happens to the outside of the head. One of the number one causes of this type of TBI is from motor vehicle accidents, but other causes could be sports injuries where the person may have experienced excessive blows to their head, or just falling and hitting their head could cause a TBI as well. The severity of a TBI can range from a short loss
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.