Trauma: Pelvis
The bony pelvis consists of the ilium, ishium, and pubis, which form an anatomic ring with the sacrum (Mechem, 2013). The pelvis also includes the pelvic girdle – right and left hipbones, and the coccyx. Each hipbone is formed by three bones fused to one another to form a single bone. The ilium is the superior, the ishium is inferior and posterior, and the pubis is inferior and anterior. The hipbones join anteriorly at the symphysis pubis, or pubic symphysis. Posteriorly, each hipbone joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint (McGraw-Hill). Soft tissues surrounding the pelvis are the urinary bladder, uterus, bowel and sacrospinous ligaments (Kalman).
The visual differences of the anatomy between a patient in an AP vs. PA projection of the pelvis are that in an AP projection, everything is more clearly visible. In a PA projection of the pelvis, the sacrum and coccyx make the anatomy of interest more obscured.
The projections that are performed for the pelvis are the Judet method, inlet and outlet axial projections, Lillienfield method, and an AP projection.
For the Judet method, the acetabulum can either be seen upside or downside. First, place the patient in a forty-five degree posterior oblique position, and center for either the upside or downside hip joint. Place a forty-five degree support under elevated side; position the arms up and to the side with the acetabulum of interest and corresponding leg bent and under the opposite extended leg. The central ray for the downside acetabulum is perpendicular to two inches distal and two inches medial to the downside ASIS. The central ray for the upside acetabulum is perpendicular to two inches distal to the upside ASIS. Suspend respiration during the exposure with a sour...
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...ks Cited
Mechem, C. (2013, March 20). Pelvic Fracture in Emergency Medicine. In
Medscape. Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825869-overview#a0101 McGraw-Hill. Anatomy of Bones and Joints. New York City, NY: McGraw-Hill Company.
Kalman, M. A. Radiologic Soft Tissue Shadows in the Pelvis: Another Look.
Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.130.3.493 Baert, A. L., & Sartor, K. (2006). Imaging of the Hip & Bony Pelvis. N.p.: Springer.
Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://books.google.com/books?id=Yj67PmOTfusC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=how+to+position+for+the+lilienfeld+projection+of+the+pelvis&source=bl&ots=bLZ_tT0e6t&sig=YXyxMY3m4xDkGtH-QgUPibVIoFE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rx4UU Bontrager, K. L. (2014). Handbook of Radiographic Positioning and Techniques (Eighth ed., pp. 162-166). St. Loius, MO: Elsevier.
The procedure of the test is simple hence patients will then be asked to remove their clothes and wrap and cover with a paper cloth around the waist before the Pap test. Patients will then be asked to lie back on the examine table with their legs spread open .Knees have to be bent and feet sitting on rest position. The clinician or gynecologist will insert the lubricated instrument called speculum into the patient’s vagina in a way that will hold open to see the cervix clearly. The clinician will examine to see if there is any visible problem and will gently scrape the surface of the cervix with the help of wooden scraper or spatula to obtain the sample of the cells. The liquid sample will then be smeared on a glass slides and will be brought to a laboratory to analyze where microscope slides will be ready for the test. The clinicians will have to repeat the test if the result is abnormal .Cells abnormalities are divided as follows ASC atypical squamous cells ,AGC,AIS,LSIL.
First, the DWIs (including the images with b values of 50, 400, and 800 s/mm2) were reviewed alone, then the conventional MR images, and finally the combined DW and conventional MR images. At DWIs, the abdomen was imaged for focal areas of hyperintensity. Elliptic areas of hyperintensity were recorded as testes, and their anatomical location were classified into: intracanalicular, low intraabdominal, and high intraabdominal.
The anatomy of the knee contains the femur, tibia and the patella. There are four main ligaments within the knee. Those ligaments are called medial collateral (mcl), lateral collateral (lcl), anterior cruciate (acl) and posterior cruciate (pcl). The anterior cruciate ligament (acl) is in the middle of the knee and prevents the shin from sliding. An anterior cruciate ligament tear is the most common harmed ligament, undergoing an estimate of 200,000 happenings yearly. Typically individuals who play sports such as football, basketball, skiing or soccer experience this injury.
Historical trauma is described to be an experience or event that have caused a generation or individual harm.
A Growing Concern." Internet Journal of Radiology 5.2 (2007): 4. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Nov. 2013.
The meniscus is one of the most commonly injured structures in the knee. Meniscal injuries can occur in any age group, but causes are somewhat different for each age group. In younger people, the meniscus is fairly tough and rubbery, and tears usually occur as a result of a fairly forceful twisting injury. In the younger age group, meniscal tears are more likely to be caused by athletic activity (Sutton, 1999).
...g gentle pressure. Finally the procedure was documented and the site was assessed for any abnormal reactions to the injection.
“Often it isn’t the initiating trauma that creates seemingly insurmountable pain, but the lack of support after.” (Harrell) There is a lot of trauma a victim of sexual assault goes through. This trauma can last years if not dealt with properly, in fact, ninety-four percent of women who are raped experience post-traumatic stress disorder and seventy percent of victims experience moderate to severe distress. Melinda Sordino is also a victim of sexual assault, she’s seen going through the life of a grade nine girl trying to fit into a new environment, make new friends, and find herself, all while coping with her past. Melinda’s distant relationship with her parents leads to her lack of confidence to ask for support and becomes one of the major
The individual’s mind has various methods of protecting the self by identifying a scenario and applying certain defense mechanisms. This part of the mind is called the psyche, which acts as the brain’s defense mechanism when one deals with trauma or sadness. Most often, people do not even realize they are being protected by the psyche, because its job is to make one become unaware of their potential intense feelings. This feeling of unawareness is called dissociation, which Martha Stout refers to in her essay, “When I Woke Up Tuesday Morning, It Was Friday.” Dissociation isolates memories so that one can function properly without letting their emotions take over. Stout explains that trauma
Map of LifeConvergent Evolution Online. (2007, September 17). "Baculum (penile bone) in mammals" : Map of Life. Retrieved May 27, 2014, from http://www.mapoflife.org/topics/topic_203_Baculum-(penile-bone)-in-mammals/
There are many types of trauma that people experience everyday in our world. People can do awful things to each other, including violence, abuse, and neglect. Accidents happen that leave us feeling distressed. Some threaten our sense of safety and connection. These are all experiences that take time to heal and recover from. We must find a way to reconcile the life we had before it happened and the life as we know it after a tragic event. The pain of the memories alone can be devastating. It takes time and support to find a sense of self again, to feel safe in the world again. But what if the trauma happened before life ever really began? Is there any lasting effect on a person that was merely an infant when the trauma was experienced? The research is growing on this topic and it reveals that there can definitely be some significant effects from infant trauma.
A silent epidemic in America is the all too common childhood exposure to interpersonal traumatic stressors (D’Andrea, Ford, Stolbach, Spinazzola, & van der Kolk, 2012). Approximately 6.6 million children were reported to Child Protective Services (CPS) in 2014 with alleged abuse or neglect (ACF, 2014). Parents are the culprit of eighty percent of all children who endure maltreatment (van der Kolk, 2005). According to Fratto (2016), maltreatment is abuse and/ or neglect by a parent or caregiver. Children who have been exposed to emotional and physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, or witness to war can affect the development of a secure attachment between the child and caregiver (Cook et al., 2005). Evidence shows children
Trauma is defined as a deeply distressing or disturbing experience; however, it can impact those who experience the initial experience and those who learn about it. Secondary trauma is a state of emotional distress caused by hearing the firsthand stories of trauma survivors. Trauma is a social disease because it is spread through close relationships impacting family and friends and can be prevented.
On a boring Wednesday afternoon, I sat in a brightly lit CPR classroom listening to the instructor drone on and on. I began to wonder if I would ever actually need to use these skills. I highly doubted it. The past two years I have worked at the "little-kid-infested" North Fork Swimming Pool, where there have been absolutely no emergencies. A bloody nose or a stubbed toe here or there but never any serious traumas.
Hillman, Bruce J. (1997, September 6). Medical imaging in the 21st century. The Lancet, vol. 350, p. 731.