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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy explained
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Transmitting Mad Cow Disease aka Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy through Milk
The term Mad Cow Disease is almost a household name, but only a few people actually know what it means. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, more commonly known as Mad Cow disease, infects cows and turns their brains into what resembles a sponge.
BSE is the cause for over 30 million deaths in Europe alone. Out of the 30 million, 12 million cases have been reported in the United Kingdom.
Creutzfeld-Jacob (CZ or CJD) is the human equivalent of BSE. Identified first in the 1920's, it causes the gradual decline of mental ability.
All of the diseases mentioned are prion based diseases. Once inside the body, the prions which are self replicating protiens, grow and cause the brain to become spongy. Prions have been reported to be found in contaminated soil and water.
Because HIV was previously believed to be harmless to babies nursing on breastmilk, Prions at first were no threat to milk. When HIV was proven to be able to transmit itself through breast milk people started to worry. One death was blamed on CJD. A woman dying with CJD had shown signs of the disease in her colostrum (the type of breast milk made in the first few days after delivering a baby).
However In 1995, the British Spongiform Encepalopathy Advisory Committee dismissed claims that BSE can be passed in milk. The Committee published its reports in The Veterinary Record in June 1995. A team of British scientists form all over the UK worked on this. The team fed milk from cows dying from BSE to mice for 40 days, then observed the mice for about two years. To take their experiment to another level, they also injected milk from a BSE infected cow straight into the brains and the skin of mice. They thought that by doing this they would get positive results for infections. These mice were also watched by the scientists for two years.
The results turned out to be negative for both of the experiments. Dr. Haresh Narang, a critic of the British study of BSE, called the study 'worthless'. He believes that the milk should have been fed to Mink.
The cost, in this experiment, was the separation of a baby monkey from its mother. Also, it was forced to endure inhumane conditions by being frightened, not knowing what it did to deserve such treatment. I understand the positive implications that can result from experiments on animals, but only the tests that are absolutely necessary should be performed. In saying this, Harry Harlow crossed the line when he caused the baby monkeys psychological scarring. He had already collected definitive data from the previous wire and cloth mother tests, so this extra step was not called
Mad Cow Disease, scientifically referred to as (BSE) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, is a disease that affects those humans who eat the meat from infected cows. Mad Cow Disease is one of several fatal brain diseases called (TSE) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy. (USDA) There was evidence of a new illness resembling the sheep disease scrapie. It was technically named BSE but quickly acquired the mad cow tag because of the way infected cattle behave. (CNN) In 1997, there was an award given to Stanley Prusiner, for concluding that a distorted protein called a prion was responsible for Mad Cow Disease, noted the long incubation period made it difficult to distinguish (Bryant). Another name for Mad Cow Disease is the new variant Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), similar to the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, which is a deadly brain illness that strikes about one per million per year (USDA) due to genetic or unknown causes while the vCJD is contracted from eating infected cows (USDA). Both CJD and vCJD are so similarly named because of the similar effects from the illness.
In sporadic CJD, the disease occurs even though the affected does not have any known risk factors that would cause an occurrence of the disease. This sudden occurring CJD is indisputably the most frequently diagnosed type of Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease. This statistically accounts for at least 85 percent of CJD cases. Due to that there are some fifty to sixty deaths per year due to sporadic CJD in the United States alone. Similar figures are seen in other countries such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom.
The origin of CWD has yet to be determined (Sigurdson & Aguzzi, 2007). The infection was first noted in 1967 at a captive mule deer research facility. In 1978 pathologists recognized the TSE type brain lesions, also that CWD presented as a prion disease by the neuronal perikaryonic vacuoles, the accumulation of aggregated prion protein and prion infectivity in the brain. In the late 1970s and early 1980s the infection w...
PrP can occur in two forms- a normal cellular prion protein known as PrPc and a pathogenic misfolded conformer known as PrPsc. The abnormal PrPsc differs from the normal prion protein PrPc in both secondary and tertiary structure. PrPsc is principally rich in Beta sheet contents but PrPc is principally rich in alpha helical contents. Due to this difference of between the isoforms, prions are extremely resistant to certain decontamination systems. The Two tables below outline both human and animal diseases (2).
RESPONSE: There are alternatives methods to replace animal testing and the technology for it will advance and continues to do so. The glass vasculature model, used to study fluid dynamics in cardiovascular studies, is a compact step in the right direction. Hopefully, a time will come when scientists do not have to use animals for scientific purposes. Other methods for curing Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, sickle cell disease, stroke, spinal cord damage and etc will develop. (74 words)
Autopsies of affected cattle reveal holes in the brain tissue that give it a spongy, or spongiform, texture. Similar spongiform diseases have been recognized in humans (for example, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or CJD) for over a century and in sheep (scrapie) for over 200 years. The cause of BSE is unproven, although there is strong evidence that prions, which may be infective proteins, are the agent. Other hypotheses suggest that prions work with an as yet undetected virus to cause the infection.
The prion diseases that Chronic Wasting Disease is related to are Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease found in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, and scrapies in sheep (3,4). These diseases are grouped together because they share certain characteristics such as long incubation periods, spongiform changes that are associated with neural loss, and cause failure to induce inflammatory responses (Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance).
Prions are pathogens, and cause infections, like viruses. Prions cause many neurodegenerative diseases, but are made up of harmless proteins found in mammals and birds. The proteins are not in their normal form though, and once they enter the human brain, can cause severe brain infections. One thing that makes them different from viruses, is the lack of nucleic acids, which means they have no genetic code. Once in the brain, they make normal proteins turn into abnormal ones, which then multiply, causing severe infection. Soon, holes appear in the brain that can only be treated by incineration. An example of a disease caused by a prion would be the Mad Cow Disease, or the human equivalent Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Prions are very dangerous. While some people can confuse prions and viruses, there are some ways to tell the difference.
If you had to choose between having Mad Cow Disease or becoming the top scientist in your field, which would you choose? The answer is obvious. Most realize that Mad Cow Disease, i.e. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, is a fatal disease that has been present among cattle populations in Europe over the past couple decades. In BSE, brain cells begin to die, forming sponge-like holes in the cow’s brain tissue. Evidence shows that consumption of infected cattle could correspond with the contraction of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), a similar disease in humans. Although few people have been diagnosed with CJD worldwide, they remain fearful of showing symptoms of CJD; commonly resulting in death within a year. For this reason, many Americans panicked when becoming aware that the first case of BSE was discovered in the United States in December of 2003. Unfortunately, the media is quick to show infected cows, distempered and shaking in their stalls, without giving sufficient information of the disease’s origin or the preventative measures being taken to halt its spreading. Before consumers restrict beef intake from their diets they should consider their risks. In America, chances of developing BSE is far slimmer than becoming infected with other food-borne illnesses. Although many Americans were recently startled by a reported case of Mad Cow Disease in the United States, they are assured protection from infection by: consumption of selected meats, closely guarded packaging plants, and regulation in beef imports.
Animals are getting experimented on for products. Animals are getting affected everyday by this problem. They are getting experimented on to see if a product is safe for human beings to use. Medical schools in the United States have stopped using animals for their needs in training.(Driscoll and Finley) In 1983, 150 baboons had to be removed from the University of Pennsylvania Head Injury Clinic for brain damage. (Driscoll and Finley) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and the Animal Liberation Front removed the baboons from the clinic. (Driscoll and Finley) The results of the experiments are not even that accurate. Nutrition experiments on animals are very inaccurate. PCRM published the article “An Examination of Animal Experiments” that stated “Nutrition is another area where animal experiments have raised repeated problems. While it is easy to feed vitamins, fat, or fiber to animals and to check whether their disease rates rise or fall, the relevance to humans is limited at best, due to major physiological differences between species.” People and organizations, such as PETA and the Humane Society of the United States(HSUS), have been...
Every year millions of people die. People die either from natural causes or from another source like murder. Cancer and AIDS are the number one diseases leading to death in the 21st century. (Jueneman 1) However, they have not always been the leading diseases. Around as early as 542 AD, a deadly disease broke out in Constaniople and quickly spread around the world within a few hundred years. This disease in considered the worst natural disaster in history. The Bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, is historically the disease that has caused the most deaths and caused China, Europe, and India to shortly stop trade altogether.
Point of view: Web. 14 February 2016. The article provides specific examples of illnesses and diseases which have been cured by animal testing that both humans and animals have benefitted from. This supports my topic of animal experiments being used for medical advancements. Pointing out that law often requires that products be tested before being sold to the public, George and Wagner additionally help prove my claim that product testing is a purpose of animal experimentation.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is an uncommon, deteriorating, consistently fatal brain disorder that is caused by prions. The symptoms of CJD are similar of Alzheimer’s but progress much faster. There are three variations of CJD, sporadic, familial, and acquired. All variations affect the brain the same way and have the same result of death. CJD is an untreatable and incurable disease.
Dr. Rachel Hajar M.D., in her article “Animal Testing and Medicine” published in Heart Views, which is a journal of the Gulf Heart Association, in 2011, discusses some of the tragedies that have occurred without animal testing. Dr. Hajar talks about events that have occurred in the U.S. that killed many people, such as when the product diethylene glycol was released into the public and it killed hundreds of people, due to the fact that the chemist did not know the product was poisonous (para 4). This shows how the animal testing could prevent tragedies that happened in the past to happen again in the