How does that web page you requested appear on your screen or that email to Aunt Lucy get there so fast and reliably? Well thanks to something called TCP/IP, and the US government who funded the research to develop it, we can communicate across the world in seconds. This amazing feat took years of research and the work of some very smart people in the Department of Defense whose job was to develop reliable and secure communications for the US Military. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol which basically is a set of rules or procedures that have been agreed on formally that define how telecommunications devices exchange data.
During this 20 year period ( 1969-1989), a division called DARPA along with the academic community invented packet switching technology that dramatically changed for the better how devices across different operating systems and platforms communicate. Up until then, a Store and Forward Network method was used which loaded a message one at a time with all the other messages waiting after it. Then the message would hop to the next node on the network repeating this until it reached its destination. The smaller messages were held up by the larger messages and one outage along the network made the whole network stalled. This method was very slow and expensive. Their idea was to break the message into parts called packets and each packet could be sent to different nodes over the network where all the packets would reach their correct destination in the correct order in a matter of seconds. The data would pass through mini computers called routers whose primary job it is to direct the message to the next closest or available server. Messages are also forwarded through gateways, a type of router which i...
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... drives resulting in long term storage of data. Packet switching was faster and cheaper and is still in use today. The researchers came up with a four part model called TCP/IP which broke down the complicated transmissions.into four layers They are the Link layer, the Internet layer, the Transport layer, and the Application layer. As a message is sent down the four layers it is addressed, packaged, and routed in the lowest level called the link layer. At the transport layer a session is established and data is transmitted between two hosts. At the application layer the data is then used by many applications such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP and DNS.
By breaking down the problem into simpler parts and making some layers responsible for specific duties, they were able to complete the challenge of connecting networks being able to transmit and exchange data.
What does TCP mean? TCP is a set of rules that governs the delivery of data over the internet or other network that uses the Internet Protocol, and sets up a connection between the sending and receiving computers.
The internet was created to test new networking technologies developed to eventually aid the military. The Arpanet, advanced research projects agency network, became operational in 1968 after it was conceived by Leanard Roberts (Watrall, T101, 2/2). Ever since the Arpanet began in 1968, it grew exponentially in the number of connected users. Traffic and host population became too big for the network to maintain, due to the killer application known as email created in 1972. The outcry for a better way sparked the development of the NSFNet. The National Science Foundation Network replaced Arpanet, and ultimately had many positive effects. This early division of the internet spread its netw...
The TCP/IP model is what is currently used for IPv4. This is the current standard protocol for internet addressing (Tetz, 2011). The Network interface layer is responsible for dealing with the physical aspects of connectivity in a network. This like the physical, network and data link layer of the OSI model has to do with converting data, establishing connectivity, sending out data, and it also hold the MAC address. The Application Layer in the TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model. Two network hosts have a communication session and the application layer is the end point at either end of that
TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer is Transmission Control Protocol. TCP manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets. The smaller packers are transmitted over the Internet. Then, the packers are received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. Internet Protocol is the lower layer. IP handles the packet’s address. IP makes sure that the packet gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks the address to see where it should forward the message. A message has packets that are routed differently than other packets in the message; however, they will be reassembled at the destination. (“What Is TCP/IP”)
How does data pass through the internet? If you said decision support systems, you are correct. In an indecisive world, network hardware devices uses decision support systems (DSS) to efficiently and effectively route data, in a local area network, with the least amount of errors and inconsistencies. Decision support systems are the brains behind network hardware, and would be near impossible for them to work without the intelligent core of each distinct DSS. There are a variety of network hardware devices: switches, hubs, and routers; and they all use algorithms/procedures to transfer data towards the correct destination. Although there are many more DSS related methods used to route traffic, this paper describes how these three devices use them and each of there functions. Other types of decision support systems that network hardware devices may use are firewall technology, network address translation, and filter tables, which are all described in this paper.
Kozierok, C. (2005). The TCP/IP Guide - TCP/IP Overview and History. Retrieved November 2013, from http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPIPOverviewandHistory.htm
Before we go too far it should be noted that TCP/IP is really two protocols. The first is the Transmission Control Protocol or TCP. The second protocol is IP which stands for Internet Protocol. These two combined provide the basis for the virtual level of most of the networks we use today. The roots of the protocols reach back into the 1970’s. At that time networks were built by wires connecting one computer to the next directly. This is called direct connect. If you wanted information to get to a computer that yours was not direct connected to you would have to create a bridge on a common machine you are both connected to. This way messages you send in one connection are transferred in the computer to the other connection and sent to the computer you were trying to talk to. This is sometimes called a gateway.
First up, the Internet. The Internet is a vast collection of different networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain common services. In this section, they go into great detail about the history, like how it started as a military project, and even talk about how users gain access to the modern version through ISPs (Internet Service Providers). For our second example, the author writes about third-generation mobile phone networks, or 3G. Initially deployed in 2001, this systems offers both digital voice and broadband digital data services. One benefit to this system is mobility which comes from the ability of data to be handed off from one cell tower to
Timothy Pintello (2013). Introduction to Networking with Network1. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 175-199.
Internet Protocol version 4 is the current standard “IP” protocol used with Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is the protocol for Internet addressing. Like the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, TCP/IP has its own model. The TCP/IP network model represents reality in the world, whereas the OSI model represents an ideal. The TCP/IP network model has four basic layers. The first layer, Network interface layer, deals with all physical components of network connectivity between the network and the IP protocol. Next the Internet layer contains all functionality that manages the movement of data between two network devices over a routed network. Then the Transport layer manages the flow of traffic between two hosts or devices, ensuring that data arrives at the application on the host for which it is targeted. And last, the Application layer acts as final endpoints at either end of a communication session between two network hosts (Tetz).
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending
Only five years after Barran proposed his version of a computer network, ARPANET went online. Named after its federal sponsor, ARPANET initially linked four high-speed supercomputers and was intended to allow scientists and researchers to share computing facilities by long-distance. By 1971, ARPANET had grown to fifteen nodes, and by 1972, thirty-seven. ARPA’s original standard for communication was known as “Network Control Protocol” or NCP. As time passed, however, NCP grew obsolete and was replaced by a new, higher-level standard known as TCP-IP, which is still in use today.