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Ethical issues on human enhancement
Difference between mind and body in philosophy
Difference between mind and body in philosophy
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Is there a distinction between the mind and the body? And if so, where does a person’s sense of self and consciousness lay? If consciousness lies within the mind, how should humans’ treat the body, as valuable or invaluable? According to dualist views there is a separation between the mind and the body that transgender patients feel every day. Imagine the pain and frustration one might feel when the people around look at you and think you should act and dress one way but you feel differently. That is the frustration transgendered people feel daily. They feel as if their gender and biological sex are opposites and it leads to physical, psychological, and social challenges throughout ones entire life. These challenges and separation within themselves is what pushes transgender patients to undergo the long and arduous process of sex reassignment surgery. There are many critiques and objections to this surgery that have roots in society, medicine, and the ethics of performing surgery on a physically healthy body. The ethical theory of hedonism supports the will of transsexuals to undergo the sex reassignment surgery in order to change their physical sex and decrease the pain and suffering felt by transgendered people as well as increase their pleasure and improve their lives in the long run. The ethical dilemma of transgender surgery and the ethical theory of hedonism go hand in hand in that they both seek what is pleasurable for their mind and their idea of self without valuing the body in importance. Transgender surgery is a technique that is used to change the genital structure of a person thus allowing their genitals to more closely resemble the genitals of the opposite sex. This procedure can be preformed on people who were born ... ... middle of paper ... .... New York: Haworth, 2007. Print. "Gender Dysphoria." Def. 1. The Free Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. Moore, Andrew, "Hedonism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = . Robinson, Howard, "Dualism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . Sheridan, Vanessa. The Complete Guide to Transgender in the Workplace. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, 2009. Print. Stryker, Susan, and Stephen Whittle. The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2006. Print. Weijers, Dan. "Hedonism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N.p., 8 Aug. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. .
The medicalization of transgender tendencies, under what was Gender Identity Disorder, was demoralizing to all transgender people. This resulted in a form of structured and institutionalized inequality that made an entire group of people internalize their problems, making them question not only their own identity, but also their sanity. Therefore, the removal of this disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 2013 and the newest editions was important in that it shows society’s recognition and acceptance of the transgender
According to an article “Somewhere Under The Rainbow: Exploring The Identities And Experiences of Trans people the term is an “Adjective to describe a diverse group of individuals who cross or transcend culturally defined categories of gender. The gender identity of transgender people differs to varying degrees from the sex they were assigned at birth.”(Dargie 61) We are all born with a gender either male or female. Those who are transgender are born feeling as though they were born with the wrong gender, causing a great deal of stress. A term used for those who are confused about their gender is gender dysphoria. Dargie states the definition of gender dysphoria as “Distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identity and that person’s sex assigned at birth”(61). These terms are important to understand because it gives an understanding of what a transgender person really
So what does transgender mean and what is transgender identity disorder? According to the American Psychological Association," transgender" is "umbrella term whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they wer...
...ernational Journal Of Applied Philosophy 21.1 (2007): 1-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.
Lev, A. I. (2013). Gender Dysphoria: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41(3), 288-296.
The main problem of growing up with Gender Dysphoria, aside from the body dysphoria itself is the social predicament. Everyone basically expects the individual to be and act like a boy or girl, when they feel inside to be an opposite gender.
Imagine going through life believing that you were born into the wrong body. This is how a transgender feels as they go through life. A transgender is a person who whose self-identity does not conform unambiguously to male or female sex. This topic is very controversial due to many arguments about the differences between the male and female physique. The natural biological differences between males and a females play a huge role in this controversy.
hedonism as a valuable worldly truth was not only dangerous, but also silly, saying, “The ideas of life on which X
Hedonism is a way of life that is rooted in a person’s experiences or states of consciousness that can be pleasant or unpleasant. The ethical egoist would state that a person should maximize his or her pleasant states of consciousness in order to lead the best life. Act Utilitarian on the other hand would state that these enjoyable states of consciousness should be maximized by one’s actions for everyone in order to attain the most utility. On the surface, this appears to be a good way to live, however, as Nozick states through his example of the experience machine that living life as a hedonist can be detrimental. It is a hollow existence that will ultimately be unsatisfactory because of the lack of making real decisions and relationships which are important to living a fulfilling life.
This study included people with and without sex changes and looked at the mental and physical development of these transgender individuals. Most participants described how they felt “different” for as long as they could remember. Most participants also discussed how as they developed they participated in acculturative processes that blurred the line between male and female roles/ characteristics. In these situations simply learning to be transgender through modeling or societal expectations was not the
In ancient Greece, many philosophers came up with lot's of great ideas and particular ways to think and go about your everyday life. More than just different ways of life, some of these great ideas that philosophers have been able to come up with are aimed to change a persons daily thought process to only seek happiness or pleasures on the journey of life. Hedonism derived from early Greek times and has evolved today in many different forms. A well practiced Hedonist has trained their mind to only seek only the upmost pleasure for the intrinsic good and to block out all pain that shall cause a person's suffering or discomfort in ones life. Some hedonist focus solely on just avoiding pain, while others main goal is to seek as much pleasure as one possibly can.
I believe that Gender Identity Disorder or gender dysphoria is a complicated physiological disorder that can be affected by the variety of things including the chemical makeup from person to person. We should treat the disorder as such and respect the people suffering from the disorder enough to try to solve the underlying cause, not just the outward symptom. I believe that this disorder can be treated through therapy and hormone therapy to establish hormonal and chemical balance within someone. I view gender reassignment surgery, unless for the benefit of the physical health of the patient, to be a complete waste of medical resources and to be an idea that has been glorified through the media as not only acceptable but as courageous; while the drawbacks of the surgery and the poor results are downplayed or ignored. I also believe that by making gender reassignments available we are “playing god” and taking physical alteration too far. Taking a physically healthy person and performing an entire change of identity because he or she is uncomfortable with the way he or she looks teaches people to be intolerant of problems instead of pushing through them and supports fighting the very way we were created. Lastly, with such alarming rates of people who ultimately were unhappy with their physical appearance and emotional state following the surgery, there doesn’t seem to be a countervailing benefit to
There are many different types of surgery depending on your needs. Surgery for transgender men usually comes in 2 forms, top surgery and bottom surgery. Top surgery involves the removal of breast tissue to form a more masculine chest. Top surgery is most commonly performed as Double Incision which means making 2 separate incisions under the pectoral. Top surgery can also be preformed with the peri-aeroler method where 2 incisions are made under the areola. This leaves little to no scarring. Bottom surgery for transgender men is much less researched. There are currently 2 forms, medioplasty and Phalloplasty. Phalloplasty involves taking a skin graft from either a forearm or abdomen. It leaved extensive scarring on the arm and is expensive. Surgery for transgender women is much more researched. There is bottom surgery and then cosmetic surgery. Vaginoplasty, aka bottom surgery has been performed since the early 1900s and is low risk. Cosmetic surgery for transgender women consists of a few different surgeries, facial feminization, which transplants cartilage and bone to give a softer facial appearance, Voice feminization, which thins vocal cords to make pitch of voice higher, tracheal shave, which shaves the cartilage known commonly as the “adams apple”, and lastly augmentation of either the breasts or buttocks to give the body a more feminine form. Some people choose to undergo one or all of these surgeries, some people undergo
Value Hedonism as stated from the text for this semester is “ only states of pleasure have positive intrinsic value and only states of pain have intrinsic negative value; anything else of value is of mere extrinsic value” (Timmons, 2016). Intrinsic value is when a value is for its own sake and for the value of or the sake of something or someone else. Value Hedonism converts the things that us as humans value and turns that into pleasure. An extrinsic value only occurs when the subject is affected by an intrinsic value. We as humans sometimes let our desires for pleasure make our decisions good or bad. A prime example of something that is intrinsically valuable that we are humans use to pleasure them is Food. We eat food in order to survive,
Transgender people have been around for centuries, yet they still face problems in the eyes of education, medicine, and law; even, with biological evidence of transgenderism being a natural state. People in these professional fields have the influential advantage over the minds of society and help change discrimination and institutional services through making it more comfortable for transmen and transwomen to go through life.