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Basic ethical principles in nursing
Basic ethical principles in nursing
Papers on cultural diversity in healthcare
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Introduction
Diversity of the world’s population has reached a point where it is vital to address and more importantly to understand, the ever growing challenge that transcultural nursing poses to the nursing profession. Addressing this issue avoids discrimination and promotes equality within holistic nursing practice in order to meet patients’ needs. Health care professionals should be qualified to deliver, on a daily basis, proficient care and sensitive skilled communication to culturally different individuals (Maier-Lorentz, 2008).
To exercise professional nursing in a conceptual way holistic nursing care focuses on physical, emotional, social, environmental and spiritual aspects as well as on the idea that any individual involved in treatment care should be treated as a whole and with dignity (Dossey & Guzzetta, 2005).
One of the areas to be discussed is Transcultural Nursing and Leininger’s Transcultural Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and its research enablers: the Sunrise Enabler and the Ethnonursing Method.
Another area will be Holistic Nursing Practice and Nightingale’s Nursing Theory of Environmental Adaptation as well as the liaison between Transcultural Nursing and Holistic Nursing Practice.
Nightingale’s theory has been chosen over others because she was the first to acknowledge nurses’ work in a theoretical framework and also because she was considered to be the mother of nursing practices (Ellis, 2008).
The development of culture care theory introduced health care professionals into a new nursing dimension formed by issues such as culture background, spirituality, environment and others that demonstrated how culture and health care are linked (Leininger, 2002a).
Holistic Nursing Practice en...
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...g. [Online]. 28 (1), p. 84. Available from: http://ezproxy.napier.ac.uk:2823/content/28/1/81.full.pdf+html [accessed 2nd April 2010].
The International Council for Nurses, (2005). The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. Available from: http://www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/about/icncode_english.pdf [accessed 20th March 2011].
Woerner, L., Espinosa, J., Bourne, S., O’toole, M., & Ingerson, G., L., (2009). Project Exito!: Success through diversity and universality for outcomes improvement among Hispanic home care patients. [Online]. Nursing Outlook. 57 (5), p.271. Available from: http://ezproxy.napier.ac.uk:2152/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WNY-4XB1JCX-B-1&_cdi=6975&_user=132448&_pii=S0029655409000177&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2009&_sk=999429994&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzk&md5=04d1ebfb99f4824da35541a0a368b5a6&ie=/sdarticle.pdf [accessed 30th March 2011].
...the formal and explicit cognitive practice learned through educational institutions. This type of practice is focused on the professional knowledge and care that nurses are taught in a educational establishment. Nurses provide (McFarland and Wehbe-Alamah 2015, p.14).assistive and supportive care for patients, along with the proper training to improve a patient 's health, prevent illnesses, and/or help with the dying. Taking the Culture Care Theory and ethnonursing research methods helps a nurse in the transcultural field provide culturally congruent care. This gives the nurses the ability to expand their knowledges and apply or teach their discoveries when interacting with a variety of diverse cultures. The form to obtain these new discoveries is presented in the most naturalistic and open way possible to keep a comforting relationship between the nurse and patient.
Leininger’s theory of nursing: Cultural care diversity and universality (1998). Nursing Science Quarterly. 1(152) DOI: 10.1177/089431848800100408
McClimens, A., Brewster, J., & Lewis, R. (2014). Recognising and respecting patients ' cultural diversity. Nursing Standard (2014+), 28(28), 45.
Environmental justice can influence the population’s health. This environmental justice is relevant to nursing, because awareness brings changes and can save and improve many lives. When a person in a hospital or in a community setting is affected by a health problem, the entire community is at risk, knowing the population is lack of knowledge and have limited access to understand health care system. Therefore, a solution to eliminating cultural disparities is optimal for immigrant communities. In conformity with the Journal of Transcultural Nursing journal, nurses need to follow 12 steps to have a successful result when integrating cultural competence in the health care environment: social justice, critical reflection, knowledge of cultures, culturally competent practice, cultural competence in the health care systems and organizations, patient advocacy and empowerment, multicultural workforce, education and training in culturally competent care, cross-cultural communication, cross-cultural leadership, policy development, a...
Integrating the framework will enable nurses to become culturally competent health care providers. First and foremost, the framework permit patients’ the opportunity to express their concerns and perception of their problem (Campinha-Bacote, 2011). Additionally, it focuses on incorporating the patients beliefs, values, and needs into the plan of care. The framework further give nurses an opportunity to better understand and evaluate their patients’ concerns. Campinha-Bacote (2011) reported that continuous encounters with culturally diverse backgrounds will lead nurses to validate, refine, or modify what they know of existing values, beliefs, and practices of a cultural group. This in turn, will develop into cultural desire, cultural awareness, and cultural knowledge. With the end result, being cultural
Providing culturally competent care is a vital responsibility of a nurse’s role in healthcare. “Culturally competent care means conveying acceptance of the patient’s health beliefs while sharing information, encouraging self-efficiency, and strengthening the patients coping resources” (Giddens, 2013). Competence is achieved through and ongoing process of understanding another culture and learning to accept and respect the differences.
Holistic nursing provides a personal, caring, and respectful relationship between the nurse and the patient. Holistic nursing has concepts that allows the patient to feel like their values and opinions are heard and respected. This field of nursing focuses on open communication, alternative treatment as well as comprehensive care. All three of these components are attracting patients to get care in this field, when today’s health care is increasing becoming impersonalized. Holistic care is growing
Transcultural nursing requires us to care for our patients by providing culturally sensitive care to a broad spectrum of patients. The purpose of this post is to describe cultural baggage, ethnocentrism, cultural imposition, prejudice, discrimination, and cultural congruence. I will also give an example of each term to help you understand the terminology related to nursing care. I will define cultural self-assessment and explain why it is valuable for nurses to understand what their own self-assessment means. Finally, I will describe the five steps to delivering culturally congruent nursing care and how I have applied these concepts to my nursing practice.
The term culture is defined as “the thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups” (Potter & Perry, 2013). With the increase of culturally diverse populations in the United States, it is important for nurses to practice cultural competence. Cultural competence is the ability to acquire specific behaviors, skills, attitudes, and policies in a system that permits “effective work in a cross-cultural setting” (OMH, 2013). Being culturally competent is essential because nurses who acknowledges and respects a patient’s health beliefs and practices are more likely to have positive health outcomes (OMH, 2012). Every culture has certain views and attitudes concerning health. The Jewish (also referred to as Jews), in particular, have intriguing health practices and beliefs that health care providers need to be aware of.
Leininger was the first nursing theorist to focus on the fact that different cultures have different caring behaviors and thus require different treatment and coined the term “culturally congruent care.” Leininger’s was a true visionary and her work developed into a movement called Transcultural Nursing. Her revolutionary work embodies the essence of holistic caring in the nursing profession and she changed the paradigm of nursing at a time when society did not celebrate cultural differences to include care that is individualized to the patient. This has influenced my personal philosophy and assisted me to be authentically present, more able to be empathetic, and considerate of my patients in order to create a healing environment, and better outcomes for the
Working with different cultures is inevitable in nursing. As nurses we must be open to the challenges of working with different cultures and finding creative solutions to the health care challenges we may experience when caring for patients that are of a different culture. “Culture is an organized group of learned responses, a system of ready-made solutions to the problems people face that is learned through interactions with others in society” (Seibert, Stridh-Igo, & Zimmerman, 2001, p. 143). When caring for patients of other cultures we must avoid ethnocentrism and focus on providing culturally congruent care which is “care that fits the people’s valued life patterns and set of meanings, which is generated from the people themselves, rather than based on predetermined criteria” (Potter & Perry, 2005, p. 120). To accomplish this we must communicate with our patients and families and have a clear understanding of their expectations. If there is a breakdown in communication then there is the potential for conflict and a poor patient outcome.
As a nurse strive to provide culturally sensitive care, they must recognize how their client's and their perceptions are similiar as well as different. Nurse enhance their ability to provide client-centered care by reflecting on how their beliefs and values impact the nurse-patient relationship. To provide appropriate patient care, the nurse must understand her/his culture and that of the nurse profession. Cultural biases can be particularly difficult to identify when the nurse and client are of a similar cultural backgroup. When we recognize and know a culture, we will know what is right for our patient, and thus may impose our own values on the client by assuming our values are their values. Recognizing differences a present an opportunity not only to know the other, but also to help gain a greater sense of self. In this paper, I will explain more about diversity and cultural competence in case study.
233). She studied anthropology and applied the research findings in nursing. Later, she developed the theory of “culture care diversity and universality” from her personal experience as a nurse and other factors that influenced such as ethnic conflicts, commuting, and technology changes. It is illustrated and described by the Sunrise four-level model, and it is labeled as “an enabler” (Masters, 2014, p. 69). The first level represents a “worldview”, the second level presents “knowledge concerning individuals and groups”, the third level includes “specific features of care in the system”, and the fourth level is “specific nursing care” (Masters, 2014, p. 69; Jarošová, 2014, p. 47). The main purpose of this theory is “to generate knowledge related to the nursing care of people who value their cultural heritage” (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p. 233). The major concepts in this theory include: culture, culture care, and diversities and similarities and sub-concepts include care and caring, emic view (language expression, perceptions, beliefs, and practice), and etic view (universal language expressions beliefs and practices in regard to certain phenomena) (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p. 233). The base knowledge
Leininger M. & McFarland M.R. (2002). Transcultural nursing: concepts, theories, research, and practice (3rd ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
There are eight reasons that transcultural nursing has become a necessary framework for the care we