Tourette's Syndrome and the "I" Function
Tourette's syndrome is characterized by a presentation of verbal and motor tics. The first descriptions of the syndrome, involving symptoms similar to Tourette's, were reported in the nineteenth century. For most of the twentieth century TS was thought to be a psychiatric disorder because of the ability the patients had to suppress their tics. In the past twenty years more biological factors have been introduced in the study of the syndrome, arising from the use of pharmacological treatment and the discovery of hereditary patterns of the disorder.
In the diagnosis of Tourette's Syndrome the concept of involuntary tics has become hard to define. Many patients experience a volitional aspect of the tics, "a capitulation to an internal urge for motor discharge accompanied by psychological tension and anxiety Patients who are afflicted with Tourette's syndrome can only describe their symptoms by using terms associated with the "I" function, the consciousness of self and relation to one's environment, and many of their symptoms are associated with or affect the function of their self. This can imply that what ever is causing the symptoms of Tourette's is subsequently affecting the part of the nervous system that controls the self and the "I" function.
Most of the studies done on the neuropathology of Tourette's syndrome (TS) have been focus on the basal ganglia, a group of nuclei located mostly in the diencephelon of the brain, a region beneath the cortex. This area has been classically associated with involuntary movement and tic disorders such as Parkinson and Huntington's disease. The neural circuits formed by the basal ganglia and the thalamus are critical for normal function and hypothesized to be required for the planning of movement ranging from simple to complex. Though what these pathways actually do is still very vague the basal ganglia has been found, in normal circumstances, to exert an inhibitory influence on the thalamus. Disruption of this inhibition could correspond with TS in which the making of uncontrolled and unplanned movements are involve. There is evidence that patients with Tourette's syndrome have some structural abnormalities in the region of the basal ganglia, mainly TS patients showed a comparative size reduction in the basal ganglia.
There are various different behaviors through which Tourette's syndrome presents itself. The diagnostic categories of TS depend on the presence of tics, alone, although patients with Tourette may have mental or behavioral disorders, which over shadow the severity or impairment on normal function of the tics.
Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and phonic tics usually starting in childhood and often accompanied by poor impulse control (Chiu, 2013, p.405). The disorder is named for Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, the pioneering French neurologist who in 1885 first described the condition in an 86-year-old French woman (ninds.nih.gov, 2013). Tourette syndrome was once considered to be a rare a condition that causes a person to make repeated, quick movements or sounds that they cannot control. These movements or sounds are called tics, but this symptom is only present in a minority of cases.
The cause of Tardive Dyskinesia has not been positively identified, but researchers do know that neuroleptic drugs change the way nerve impulses jump from the pre-synaptic neurons across a synapse to the post-synaptic neurons. (2). Such drugs prevent the neurotransmitter dopamine from reaching the brain, "directly impairing the function of the basal ganglia and the emotion-regulating limbic system and frontal lobes." (6)
To understand the disease, you must know its interesting history. In 1885, the French physician, Dr. Georges Albert Eduoard Brutes Gilles de la Tourette, first suggested that the disease’s symptoms were part of a distinct condition different from other movement disorders. (Shimberg, 1995 p.25) Tourette studied several patients he believed to have the disorder. These studies included a French noblewoman who used to interject obscenities during conversation. (This is also known as coprolalia,) Tourette came to the conclusion that TS was hereditary, (Shimberg, 1995, P.67) that the disorder did not have any intellectual or psychological deterioration, (Shimberg, 1995, p.69) and he also correctly identified the childhood onset of the disease.
The idea of rhetoric is exceptionally important in the world of writing, and just like memories, rhetoric is what a paper is forged out of. It helps the building of connections. The connection made to rhetoric in my writing is nearly oblivious, everything I write has been affected by rhetoric in some way. This rhetoric was very obvious in a paper I wrote in my sophomore year of English. Like every English paper I had written in high school, our class read a book, William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies, and were assigned a paper on said book. Unlike most papers in high school, which are mainly theme based, this paper was on character analysis. It was formatted in a way where we could have a critical and judgmental stance on the character we were
The beginning of the Motown legend started when Berry Gordy borrowed eight hundred dollars from family members to launch Tamla Records in 1959. By 1961, Gordy scored a million selling recording, the Miracles’ “Shop Around” (Waller 11). Within ten years, the legendary Motown had released twenty-two number one pop hits, forty-eight number one rhythm and blues hits, and had become the largest black-owned business in America (15). Actor Sidney Poitier best described Barry Gordy as a person who was set out to make music for all people regardless of race. In doing so, Berry Gordy made black music, the Motown sound, part of the mainstream popular culture in America (mackinac.org). Gordy had white teens all over America humming the catchy tunes of the Four Tops and the Temptations. After that, he promoted a flurry of black stars including Diana Ross, Michael Jackson, and Stevie Wonder. Gordy wanted their music, and that of other Motown singers, to reach the larger white audience in America (bsnpubs.com).
Rhetoric is something that we use constantly in our everyday life. Unbeknown to us, we have been using the persuasive appeals of pathos, ethos and logos even for the most mundane things. Rhetoric can be seen everywhere in our everyday’s lives in form of media, religion, politics, government propaganda, historic references and social media. We should learn to identify and appropriately use the different categories of rhetoric expressions in an effective manner. Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing in order to convince the audience or the reader. It is sued to convince the audience to think in the same way as the arguer or the presenter.
Mexicans from the study of bean and Steven in 2003 constituted about a quarter of US population. This shows that most immigrants of the United States arrived from Mexico. Mexico and United States is separated by 200miles and they are also separated by their living standards. Unites states also share a partnership with Mexico as well. With his proximity, exchanges of goods and inequality it makes controlling migration difficult. As we witnessed in “Sin Nombre’ the border between Mexico and US are close but sometimes that’s the least of the problem faced on this journey.
Brain’s Diseases of the Nervous System. 9th ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 1985.
Tourette Syndrome, or TS, is an inherited, neurological disorder characterized by repeated involuntary body movement (tics) and uncontrollable vocal sounds. The cause of TS has not yet been established completely; however scientists do know it's inher
Tourette syndrome is commonly diagnosed in children following an onset of tics between the ages of 6 and 9 years (Galvez-Jimenez, 2012, p. S35). In many circumstances, Tourette syndrome occurs alongside one or more additional disorders, such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). I was diagnosed with both Tourette syndrome and OCD at eight years of age following an explosion of tics, twitches, and obsessive-compulsive behavior. To be formally diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, a patient must be under 18 years old and exhibit multiple motor tics and at least one phonic or “verbal” tic for at least one year (Galvez-Jenez, 2012, p. S35). Tics are sudden, repeated, involuntary body movements or vocal projections that are classified as “phonic” or as “motor.” Motor tics are sudden, impulsive, purposeless body ...
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