How does Risperidone affect Tourette Syndrome? The neurological disorder Tourette Syndrome is portrayed by repetitive, conventional compulsory movements and expressions called tics. In 1885, a french neurologist Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette recognized the disorder in an old french noblewoman (Robertson, 2000). This disorder is primarily seen in childhood between the age of 3 and 9 years. Statistically, many men have proven to be more affected by this syndrome than women and an estimate of 200,000 Americans have a severe effect of the disorder (Budman, 2014). Many symptoms include tics, uncontrolled eye movement, a grimacing face, head and shoulder movement, sniffing, grunting and many vocal, motor and simple tics. In a few articles, Tourette …show more content…
Risperidone had higher affinity for 5-HT2A than D2 receptors, which the opposite was true for haloperidol. There were 48 children and adults with Tourette syndrome, 24 of the patients were given the risperidone drug with the dosage of 0.5 to 6.0 mg/day, whereas the rest of the 24 patients were given placebo (Dion et al, 2002). The amount given was increased with the clinical response of the medicine. Approximately 60.8% improved and 26.1% of them were placebo. Risperidone also did not increase symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The drug did cause common symptoms such as fatigue and somnolence. The selection criteria required patients to be within ages of 14 and 65, diagnosed with Tourette syndrome confirmed by a research psychiatrist and a minimum Global Severity Rating score of at least 3 on the Tourette’s syndrome scale. They were also required to have a written consent form, non-pregnant or lactating women, tricyclic antidepressant, monoamine oxidase inhibitor or serotonin reuptake inhibit that were taken within 14 days were not allowed and no abnormalities shown in laboratory results. The drugs given were followed by a scheduled under double blind conditions as identical oral solutions or risperidone or placebo …show more content…
The studies support the hypothesis presented because is experiment differentiates how the drug risperidone compared to other drugs efficaciously helps patients with Tourette syndrome. As previously mentioned that it is hypothesized that Risperidone drug is adequate for curing tics in Tourette syndrome. To be able to understand how the drug works, it is compared to other drugs so scientists can determine how the drug Risperidone itself works for patients of Tourette syndrome. The drug is also administered with a placebo effect to see if there is a difference between the drug taken or
Psycopharmacology Tips by Dr. Bob. Robert Hsuing, M.D. May 1999. 7 Aug. 2000 <a href="http://www.uhs.bsd.uchicago.edu/~bhsuing/tips/tips.html">http://www.uhs.bsd.uchicago.edu/~bhsuing/tips/tips.html
In summary, according to empirical evidence Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) treatment is to be the most effective form of psychological treatment. If the practitioner correctly undertakes the correct steps in implementing this treatment to the patient; the severity will read lower on the golden standard of OCD treatments- the Y-Bocs scale, which according to empirical evidence, to be t the most accurate form of measuring the severity of the disorder in the hopes of neutralizing the symptoms of this socially debilitating condition. It is therefore recommended for optimal treatment efficacy, that any sufferer partake in ERP treatment or consider pharmacotherapy with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors to assist in the neutralization of this socially debilitating disorder.
The history of Tourette syndrome is very interesting. Hundreds of years ago those with Tourettes were thought of very differently all around the world. In some countries they were worshiped and in some countries they were considered possessed. Also, in other countries they were considered mysterious and unusual.
Due to the intense nature of the physical symptoms of PD and its impact of one’s life, various researchers has identified different contributory factors of this disorder. Some studies indicated hyperventilation, over activity in the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system, interceptive classical conditioning, anxiety sensitivity, catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations and safety behaviors are potential factors of PD (Davey, 2014). While, other researchers have stated PD is possibly caused by genetic predisposition, abnormalities in serotonin, and early developmental factors (Sansone et al., 1998). As the etiology of PD remains unknown and further studies are being conducted, it is agreed upon the mental health community that biological, psychological and cognitive factors contribute to the etiology and maintenance of PD.
In the late 1930 a neurologist named Gerstmann published an article on symptoms similar to nonverbal learning disorder. He called named the disorder Gerstmann syndrome. According to Wikipedia Gertmann syndrome is a neuropsychological disorder which is characterized by a group of symptoms that entails a present of a lesion is located in a particular part of the brain. Characteristics of the syndrome included the following deficits: right/left orientation, acalculia, finger agnosia, and agraphia.
The reliability and validity were researched by using three types of studies: mixed diagnostic group, certified patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and a non-clinical sample. It should be noted that the that was used population were psychiatric patients s...
What is Tourette Syndrome? Tourette Syndrome is a neurological disorder dealing with repetitions of tics, such as movements and spasm, and sounds that are hard for the person to control. According to the Mayo Clinic Staff, tics are sudden, brief, intermittent movements or sounds and the, symbolic sign of Tourette syndrome. Theses tics can range from mild to severe. Severe symptoms might significantly interfere with communication, daily functioning and quality of life. There are two types of tics that can be classifies as simple or complex.
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is characterized by an inability to control movement, which many times involved hyperactivity, irregular motor patterns, learning difficulties, vocal tics, and OCD. It is thought to be onset by a malfunctioning of the basal ganglia and other cortical circuitry, which leads to motor patterns being disorganized within the patient’s brain. This study aims to examine the motor activation of a TS individual through a functional MRI scan while performing voluntary movements. The researchers hypothesized that because TS is characterized by involuntary movements, they would find less activation in the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), which normally would co-ordinate, prepare, and execute movements. In this study, the researchers
The study of Tourette Syndrome is a very ongoing but new topic, and doctors are constantly disproving previous research and ideas. As doctors believed that the disease was originally a weakness in the human body that had the inability to resist these convulsions and twitches, it was quickly replaced with the label as a psychiatric disease, however the treatments proved otherwise. Tourette Syndrome was quickly recognized as something more, stated by Doctor Oliver Sacks, ”But all these views are
The child written about in this paper struggled with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette’s syndrome. A combination of the antidepressant fluoxetine and the ADHD medicines methylphenidate and clonidine were prescribed to treat the child’s symptoms. Over the course of the next 10 months, the boy presented with symptoms commonly associated with metabolic toxicity, including stomach issues, low fever, disorientation. Symptoms became so severe that the child lapsed into continuous seizures and suffered cardiac arrest, resulting in the child’s death. Due to the tragic and unexpected circumstances, an autopsy was conducted. The results showed extremely high levels of fluoxetine within the child’s body, and a genetic test found that the boy had a defect in the CYP2D6 gene that rendered him a poor metaboliser of the
Andres, M. L. (2006). Tourette Syndrome. In The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. (Vol. 5, pp. 3736-3739). Detroit, MI: Thompson Gale.
There are many interesting disorders out in the world. One that is most interesting to me it Tourette’s syndrome (TS). Georges Albest Edouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette (1857-1904) was the first person to describe the condition and its symptoms. He was a French physician and neurologist. In 1885 he published an account of 9 patients (Nordqvist, 2015). It is currently being further investigated and conducted with experimental research. It is quite hard to treat because the symptoms are very unpredictable. One specific cause cannot be linked directly to TS as of right now. Scientists are hopeful that as time goes on it be clear if treatments and drugs can truly help Tourette things to be explored in this paper will include
Two patients showed motor tics and no vocal. Ten patients had one of the two presented tic types but did not show them for over a year. Of the 200 patients that were interviewed, only 12 patients showed to be classified as having “possible tics”. These results differed greatly by a previous studied done in The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in a mainstream school population. Since this study was only done on patients that were diagnosed with signs of tics after the age of 21. In the original study, young children occupied the entire sample size. It has been shown that the likeliness of Tourette syndrome is much higher in that age group than an older one. This proves to be why the studies showed such different results. Since the study being discussed was focused on patients over the age of 21, the results could be skewed seeing as most people grow out of this and lose their tics by the age of
Fox, Ronald E., Gregory, Ian and Rosen, Ephraim. Abnormal Psychology. London: W.B. Saunders Company, 2nd Ed., 1972.
Across widely studied disorders, the model has shown itself to be rather effective in reducing common symptoms. In the continuation of these treatments, patients can see results that last as long as their prescription does, which can be especially helpful when considering disorders such as OCD that tend to be recurrent over a lifetime. Despite variance in individuals, many medications provide some sort of relief to the patients, especially the more common disorders. This, perhaps, can be explained by the hard evidence that supports the theories of the model. Experiments can provide an in-depth exploration of a medication’s uses that can then be recorded more easily than the other two models. Though experiments are the only method in which causation can be implied, case studies and correlational studies can help to provide addition theories and information revolving around the ‘untestable’ aspects of biology. The Biological method also provides objective treatment options that can be beneficial regardless of who is administering the treatment, ultimately cutting down on the negative aspects of subjectivity from the therapist. Medication alone has no demographic preferences that could have possibly affected the outcome of treatment in other models with a human factor. In some cases, the stigma surrounding the Biological model can