Topography
Refers to the ‘lie of the land’, or the physical and geographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope and orientation, or aspect (facing north). An understanding of topography is critical for a number of reasons. In terms of environmental quality, agriculture, and hydrology, understanding the topography of an area enhances the understanding of watershed boundaries, drainage characteristics, water movement and water quality. Understanding topography also aids in soil conservation, especially in agriculture. Contour ploughing, which is the practice of ploughing along the topographic lines, is an established practice of enabling sustainable agriculture on sloping land. When planning planting areas, an understanding of
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Placement of dams and pump-houses will therefore be critical in determining the cost of electricity for irrigation purposes. Infield irrigation systems also differ with regard to energy requirement.
Irrigation infrastructure includes:
• Dams
• Main supply – pump-houses and pumps
• Secondary reticulation (in-field) system
Electricity Supply
A cost-effective power supply system should be planned carefully to include possible future development of production areas and infrastructure. Installation of new power supply points is costly and careful attention to initial planning will save costs at a later stage.
Electricity infrastructure includes:
• Main supply – buildings, pump-houses and pumps
• Reticulation to in-field installations
Communication Systems
Communication infrastructure refers to telecommunication and radio systems. In some areas, telephone connections are not available, which makes the management of a farming enterprise more difficult.
Boundary
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The output of tractors must for example be linked to the equipment which has to be handled, e.g. ploughing, spray machines, picking trailers, etc.
• Housing
The extent of housing needed on a farm depends on the size of the farm as well as the distance to the nearest labour source or town. The number of houses that are required increases with the distance from a town or labour source, and provision must be made for management, middle management and supervisory staff.
• Farm Roads
Main roads on a farm should be positioned to serve all main action areas without causing too much farm traffic in and around production areas. It is ideal to have the offices, pack house, stores and housing area situated as near as possible to the farm entrance, so that movement in and around production areas is limited and only linked to
a basis of production, and the only way to operate large farms at the time,
Most issues on a farm return to the issue of keeping up appearances. (Smiley p.199)
Land preparation for farming and animal rearing was done using a method called girdling – tree killing. They will cut around each tree to stop nutrient from getting to the tree and the leaves will later felled down. They will now come back and cut the branches of the trees and burn the underbrush. Farmer starts plowing as the trees stumps decays and stones will be removed from the fields. Fields for farming are always small because of labor and there are boundaries between fields and the neighbors. The house or the farm was viewed as the workplace. And land given out to each family will be fenced to stop cattle from wandering off going into the farm areas. The land allocated to each family will show the family social status within the community. The towns developed individually and community involvement was given a great significant although the community was close knit.
with row crops or with livestock. We need to understand the industry, and in doing so, we will
Understanding the plate tectonics theory is very important, especially when investigating natural disasters like earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. It is also gives scientists the ability to understand how mountains were formed between two tectonic plates. There are three types of interactions between plate boundaries: convergent, divergent and transform. Looking back at the history of these three different interactions, earthquakes, like the one in Haiti, volcanic eruptions, like at Mount St. Helens, and the creation of mountain belts, like the Mid-Atlantic Oceanic ridge, gives information on future consequences of tectonic movement, and what can happen when the plates interact with each other.
Although a lot of people think of factory farms as negative things for our environment and for the animals as well. I have shown you the positives to these farms and this way you can take a deeper look to them. Each farm is different in its own way because the farmer is the main boss person. Then the hired hands are just under the farmer and everyone does everything differently. So one farm might have a large amount of feed per day and another might have a small amount. It all depends on the farmer. I hope that you can take factory farms into a deeper meaning
Agriculture plays an enormous part in having a functioning society. The farming fields in the
The question that I will be answering for my coursework is which is best at protecting the Northumberland coastline – groynes or beach nourishment. I will be going to Blyth beach also I will be visiting Newbiggen beach I am investigating the Northumberland coastline as part of my geography coursework also because I live in the UK and I want to see how safe the people of the UK are with the safety of the coastline and its defences against coastal erosion. We will be visiting the Northumberland coastline on Thursday the 15th of May 2014.
The graphs show the results that were expected from the land use questionnaires. In the tables, the trend in the graphs show the total’s and average’s over 147 years.
influence in the farmers’ point of view. The farmers in the book translate to adults in real
South Central Farm was a 14-acre plot of land that was ran and operated as a fully functional urban farm. It provided much needed support to the community around the farm, that consisted mostly of lower-income and minorities. The farmers, who ran the largest urban city farm at the time, used it for monetary benefit as well as psychological benefit to the community. By growing their own steady supply go goods, many who would not have access to these products normally, benefited immensely from the farm’s existence. If the farmer’s had had the monetary means for remaining on the land, the closing down of the farm could have been avoided.
Groh, Trauger and Steven McFadden. Farms of Tomorrow Revisited: Community Supported Farms - Farm Supported Communities. Kimberton, Pennsylvania: Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association, 1997.
When people think of geology, they usually think of rocks and fossils. However, geology is actually a very large field of study. The knowledge of geologists ranges from rocks and fossils to the moon and other planets (Hammonds 7-8). Geologists use a variety of subjects in their work, but the sciences and math are the most important. Some of the sciences geologists study are physics and chemistry (12). English is also a subject that geologists use when communicating with other scientists, the media, and the public (12) . Because of these tasks, it is important for geologists to have a wide knowledge of these different subjects.
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.
The world we live in today is always changing, whether it be technology or the land. As these changes take place, society must adapt to them. Many things begin to change as a result of this and society beings to turn into something completely different. One of the most overlooked changes that takes place is that of the environment and landscape. The landscape is one of the most important parts of our society’s culture and has a great effect on how we live. It seems that nowadays, many individuals are taking advantage of the land and nothing appreciating it for every thing that it is worth. Its true that not everyone is going to look at the environment and landscape in the same way, however that is no excuse to disrespect it. Then again, a whole new argument can start from that, as different individuals are going to have different views on what disrespecting the land. Many positive things have come from taking advantage of the land, and also, there have been many negative things to come as a result of this. It all depends on how you look at it. One thing is for sure though, no matter what the case is, the land and environment we live in plays a huge part in each of our everyday lives.