Stem cells have played a pivotal role in tissue engineering of the small intestine. Unlike the MSCs and HSCs, intestinal stem cells almost guarantee the regeneration of all types of intestinal cells (absorptive-columnar, goblet, Paneth, and auto endocrine cells), including muscle cells. Although HSCs from the peripheral blood had been shown to engraft in the gut lining when leukemia patients received transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from peripheral blood, the exact mechanism of origin and physiological function of these cells is unknown (Korbling et al. 2003). A low-level engraftment was seen as individual scattered cells. These randomly inserted single cells may not be fully functional, since they did not appear to proliferate. Although little is known about how these cells obtain the degree of differentiative potential, tissue injury, local environmental signals, and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor may have a significant role in the above process (Korbling et al. 2002) and (Krause et al. 2001).
Adult bone marrow stem cells have many characteristics which make them suitable for their possible use in tissue engineering of the small intestine; for example, they can replicate as undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into lineages of mesenchymal tissues, they display a stable phenotype; they are immune-compatible, and they have no ethical issues. However, there are a number of technical obstacles, such as how to isolate stem cell preparations without contamination by other cells, how to control the permanent differentiation to the desired cell types, and how to increase the production of the large number of cells needed to create tissues (Shieh and Vacanti. 2005).
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...tion, migration, and differentiation under physiological conditions is poorly under- stood. A better understanding of how the intestinal epithelial cells interact with their underlying basement membrane is required. A likely mechanism of this interaction as suggested by Beaulieu is through integrin’s, a specific subset of cell surface- binding proteins (Beaulieu, 1992). Peptides, when coated with the polymers, can be helpful in cell attachment. Apparently, much work is needed in the field of small intestine tissue engineering. In future we required the better understanding of cell-cell interactions, cell-ECM interactions. Also the knowledge of specific stem cell markers and trophic growth factors is required. Advancements in developing larger absorptive surface area of the TESI with formation of a better muscular layer would prove to be very successful step forward.
they decide how the immune system will respond to infections or any an familiar organism). The system also communicates with the blood circulatory system by transporting lymph (a clear fluid that carries lymphocytes, waste, and excess fluid from tissues back into the blood system through the thoracic duct.) If B-cell and T- cell are identified under a microscope then it is Non- Hodgkin lymphoma. If Reed - Sternberg cell is present then it is Hodgkin lymphoma. There are different tools to diagnose
Therapies for the Management of Crohn's Disease: Comparative Effectiveness (2014), “current medical science defines Crohn’s disease as chronic full thickness inflammation that can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, but most often affects the small bowel and colon” (ES-1). The underlying cause of inflammation is due to an immune system response which attacks bacteria in the intestinal tract that is normally beneficial to the digestion process. The bacteria which are normally protected from this
Introduction As the world transitions into a modernized civilization so do our methods of producing food. The use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) has started to become a common practice throughout the industrializing food industry. In general, GMOs are lifeforms that have had their genetic makeup altered artificially. When looking specifically at crops, these modifications pose many benefits such as resistance to predatory insects, disease, drought, and weathering, as well as higher yields
Baked Potatoes or French Fries Is it ever a wonder that kids get away with eating the darndest things. They gobble candy ice pops, french fries and for the most part remain amazingly thin and fit. However, adults with the same type of diet are high-cholesterol dynamites just waiting for an explosion into triple-bypass heaven. Why do the little brats get to eat what ever they so desire without worry, while adults have to monitor every gram of anything that even considers passing through their lips