Thromas By Zeta Stevens Why Do Earthquakes Occur?
explanatory Essay
1145 words
Report on Earthquakes by Zeta Stevens
Why Do Earthquakes Occur?
The earth is split into four layers, inner and outer core, the mantle and crust. The top of the mantle and crust make up what is like the skin of our earth (see source 2). The skin is split up like a puzzle and we call these puzzle pieces’ tectonic plates (see source 1). These plates are constantly moving and the plate boundaries (edges of the plates) move and slide past one another. Sometimes as the plates move the plate boundaries become stuck. Pressure builds up in the stuck area over time and eventually breaks. This is why earthquakes occur due to the sudden movement of the plate sliding and breaking creating a fault line to go off. The fault line is the line on which the
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Source 4. A map of the Earth’s fault lines and plates with the direction of their movement.
Although there is no way of knowing exactly when an earthquake is going to occur. Scientists have been able to predict an earthquakes range for them to occur. For example, if a fault hasn’t gone off for around 20 years, then this fault is likely to go off in the next five years. This is as close as scientists can get to exactly knowing when an earthquake will occur, although this can still help people to be prepared to some extent. We know that an earthquake will occur with the tectonic plates movements and with them either colliding, sliding or doing both against each other. An earthquake will occur with the force of these movements, but depending on the strength of the movements depends how strong the earthquake is on the Richter Scale (see source 5) or on a Seismograph (see source 6).
Earthquakes are frequent but most of the time aren’t very big on the Richter Scale. Statistics and research show that there are earthquakes happening constantly, but most of the time are impossible to feel unless they are above a 3 on the Richter Scale (see source7).
Source 6. A diagram of how a seismograph works and the measurements Source 7. Statistics on the Earth’s earthquakes
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This is one of the most commonly asked questions around the world. Earthquakes are very common because the Earth’s tectonic plates are constantly moving, because they are constantly moving earthquakes are happening quite often across the globe. Statistics show that over 1 million occur each year worldwide (see source 9), but earthquakes don’t have to be felt for them to have occurred. Statistics prove that 1 100 000 earthquakes happen per year worldwide that can’t be felt by humans. Statistics show that about 11 670 earthquakes occur that can be felt in the area of occurrence and sometimes even further
In this essay, the author
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when a fault line goes off and parts of plates become stuck against one another.
- Explains that earthquakes occur on earth's fault lines, but no part of the earth is free from them. the pacific plate collides with the eurasian plate.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause other hazards such as tsunamis, avalanches, and landslides.
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when a fault line goes off and parts of plates become stuck against one another.
- Explains that earthquakes occur on earth's fault lines, but no part of the earth is free from them. the pacific plate collides with the eurasian plate.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause other hazards such as tsunamis, avalanches, and landslides.
- Explains that earthquakes are very common because the earth's tectonic plates are constantly moving. statistics show that over 1 million occur each year worldwide, but they can't be felt by humans.
- Describes the impacts of earthquakes on the economy, society, and environment.
- Explains that earthquakes have many impacts that affect the earth and us as humans. the 9.5 magnitude earthquake in chile killed more than 5000 people, and the 2011 christchurch earthquake left 100 000 homes needing repair.
- Explains that the earth is split into four layers: the inner and outer core, the mantle and crust, and the tectonic plates.
- Explains that earthquakes occur with the tectonic plates movements and with them colliding, sliding or doing both against each other.
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- Significance Of The San Francisco Earthquake Of 1906explanatory essayOne of the worst natural disasters in United States history to this date occurred almost 109 years ago. On April 18, 1906 at 5:15am in San Francisco, California, the earthquake of San Francisco occurred hitting between 7.9 and 8.3M on the Richter scale. The San Andreas Fault, which is about 600 miles long, running from the Gulf of California to Cape Mendocino and is an active strike-slip fault, cut through the continental lithosphere to cause the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906. An earthquake is a trembling or shaking of the ground produced by movements along a fault (Strahler, 2012). After the tension is released at a critical point, the fault or tectonic plate slips and relieves the strain and creates the seismic waves, which radiates out in all directions causing the shaking of the surface.
In this essay, the author
- Describes the san francisco earthquake of 1906, which occurred on april 18, 1906. the san andreas fault, an active strike-slip fault, cut through the continental lithosphere to cause it.
- Explains that the 1989 loma prieta earthquake scaled only 25 miles along the san andreas fault. earthquakes on transforming boundaries produce moderate to strong earthquakes.
- Explains the magnitude of the 1906 earthquake was between 7.9 and 8.3m on the richter scale. the ground was moving at nearly 3 miles per hour and lasted between 45 and 60 seconds.
- Describes the san francisco earthquake of 1906, which occurred on april 18, 1906. the san andreas fault, an active strike-slip fault, cut through the continental lithosphere to cause it.
- Explains that the 1989 loma prieta earthquake scaled only 25 miles along the san andreas fault. earthquakes on transforming boundaries produce moderate to strong earthquakes.
- Explains the magnitude of the 1906 earthquake was between 7.9 and 8.3m on the richter scale. the ground was moving at nearly 3 miles per hour and lasted between 45 and 60 seconds.
- Explains that the 1906 earthquake was one of the most influential earthquakes scientifically. scientists flourished after the earthquake, including lawson, reid, and gilbert.
- Describes the reid elastic rebound theory, which is the gradual accumulation and release of stress and strain that most earthquakes are a result of.
- Explains that the san andreas fault is a transforming boundary and the rocks on the two sides of the faults have been held together without sudden slippage.
- Opines that with the information that we have now on seismic activity, they could've properly prepared. they may not have saved the 28,000 buildings but could’ve saved some of the 3,000 people that died indirectly or directly by the 1906 earthquake.
1003 wordsRead More - Earthquakes Essayexplanatory essayEarthquakes occur almost all over the world and often cause many casualties and injuries, but it is a common misconception to think that all earthquakes or even most of them cause destruction. In fact, most earthquakes aren’t even strong enough to be felt by humans and most animals, and can only be recorded by seismometers that are strategically placed in all corners of the world in order to get a reliable and precise reading on the earthquakes strength. Another common misconception about earthquakes is that people believe that the injuries and deaths that result from earthquakes are because of the earth’s shaking itself, whereas it is in fact usually because of heavy items falling from the incessant vibrations. Earthquakes can be defined as
In this essay, the author
- Explains that most earthquakes aren't strong enough to be felt by humans and animals, and can only be recorded by seismometers strategically placed in all corners of the world.
- Explains that earthquakes have been happening since the beginning of time, and the oldest recorded earthquake was recorded in china on 1177 b.c.
- Explains that in norse mythology, there are two stories that explain the trembling of the earth. in the first, it was believed that fenrir was to bring about ragnarok and kill the all-father odin.
- Explains that most earthquakes aren't strong enough to be felt by humans and animals, and can only be recorded by seismometers strategically placed in all corners of the world.
- Explains that earthquakes have been happening since the beginning of time, and the oldest recorded earthquake was recorded in china on 1177 b.c.
- Explains that in norse mythology, there are two stories that explain the trembling of the earth. in the first, it was believed that fenrir was to bring about ragnarok and kill the all-father odin.
- Explains the story of namazu, a giant catfish, in japanese mythology. it is supposedly guarded by the god of thunder and swords.
- Explains that earthquakes are the result of poseidon, god of the seas, oceans and earthquake. kisin, a malevolent underworld deity, would often uproot and destroy trees planted by chac.
- Explains that earthquakes are the result of sudden break along a fault in the earth's crust, which results in an overwhelming amount of energy that in turn causes the seismic waves to make the ground shake.
- Explains seismic waves are energy waves that are caused by the sudden breaking of rock in the earth's crust, or because of an explosion. earthquakes make up both surface and body waves.
- Explains that surface waves have a low frequency than body waves and are at fault for the destruction earthquakes cause.
- Explains that body waves travel in the earth's interior and arrive before surface waves, which are either p waves or s waves. primary waves are the fastest seismic wave and can move through solids and not liquids.
1225 wordsRead More - Earthquakesexplanatory essayreally trying to predict. Earthquakes happen all the time, but what we are really trying to figure out how to predict is when a
In this essay, the author
- Explains that they chose to research earthquakes and earthquake prediction because they were curious as to how they work.
- Explains that earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earth's crust, which can range from barely noticeable to a disastrous, and destructive act of nature.
- Explains that robert mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred either by sudden flexure and constraint of elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way and becoming fractured.
- Explains that they chose to research earthquakes and earthquake prediction because they were curious as to how they work.
- Explains that earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earth's crust, which can range from barely noticeable to a disastrous, and destructive act of nature.
- Explains that robert mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred either by sudden flexure and constraint of elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way and becoming fractured.
- Explains that tectonic earthquakes are the most devastating, because they are caused by the stress of the major and minor plates that make up the earth's crust. subduction-zone quakes occur in a variety of geological settings.
- Explains that tectonic earthquakes occur in areas far from other forms of seismic activity, such as new madrid, charleston, south carolina, and mount st. helens.
- Explains the destructive effects of earthquakes, such as landslides, tidal waves, and liquefaction of soils.
- Explains that seismologists have created two scales of measurement to describe earthquakes' power. the richter scale measures the energy released at the focus of an earthquake.
- Explains that earthquake predictions have been successful in china, japan, russia, and the u.s.
- Explains that earthquakes are unpredictable and devastating acts of nature. there is still alot more to be known about them that we still don't know about today.
2186 wordsRead More - Earthquake Essayexplanatory essayAn earthquake occurs when there is a shaking of the Earth, caused by a buildup of energy in volcanic or tectonic form (“Earthquakes”). Essentially, an earthquake results from sections of the Earth moving, causing slippage. When two chunks of the Earth slip past each other, the point at which this happens is called the fault plane. In fact, an earthquake begins in the hypocenter beneath the Earth’s surface. Next, located right above the hypocenter is the epicenter (Wald). And finally, the main, and most important thing to remember about earthquakes is that they are random, and extremely hard to predict (“Earthquakes”).
In this essay, the author
- Explains earthquakes are caused by a buildup of energy in volcanic or tectonic form.
- Explains that earthquakes occur when two tectonic plates touch each other, preventing any movement. rock breaking along a fault can cause the ground to shake because of the release of energy in the form of seismic waves.
- Explains that earthquakes can occur due to the stress and movement caused by the tectonic plates rubbing back and forth.
- Explains earthquakes are caused by a buildup of energy in volcanic or tectonic form.
- Explains that earthquakes occur when two tectonic plates touch each other, preventing any movement. rock breaking along a fault can cause the ground to shake because of the release of energy in the form of seismic waves.
- Explains that earthquakes can occur due to the stress and movement caused by the tectonic plates rubbing back and forth.
- Explains that intraplate earthquakes occur because of a fault that is pushed, as result of rocks that are compressed.
- Explains that a volcanic earthquake occurs when magma travels to the surface, breaking rocks, and causing an earthquake.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause landslides. earthquake magnitude has relations with the location of the earthquake, the distance, and the volume.
- Explains that foreshocks occur when pieces of rock crack under stress, before what is called the main shock.
- Explains that an aftershock is a tinier earthquake that might happen in the same location.
- Explains how charles f. richter invented the richter scale, using an equation tied to the amplitude of the largest wave ever recorded on a seismometer. later, other inventions were developed similar to that specific scale.
- Compares the moment magnitude scale with the richter scale, which allows for more accurate assessments of earthquakes of larger magnitudes.
- Explains how earthquakes can be broken down into different classes, and their magnitudes, from how are earthquake magnitudes measured?
- Explains that the mercalli scale is important to keep in mind when measuring the magnitude of an earthquake.
- Argues that the idea that someone can predict an earthquake is untrue. some people argue that animals act weird because of foreshocks.
- Explains that the majority of earthquakes occur between the boundaries of plates in the solomon islands, indonesia, and japan. earthquakes can also strike when one plate is forced past another.
- Describes the destruction of haiti's lycee marie-jeanne school for girls and delmas 32, a police precinct. before the earthquake, there was concern on the well-being of the haitian children.
- Narrates how an earthquake in niigata, japan injured around nine hundred people and caused nine deaths. the quake also set off a nuclear power plant that trickled radioactive substance into the sea of japan.
- Explains that sendai, japan was hit by an earthquake on march 11th, 2011 — normally, the japanese are accustomed to earthquakes, but this time, people realized the earthquake was different.
- Explains that an earthquake occurred on mexico’s pacific coast in guerrero, mexico on may 8th, 2014. the damage of the earthquake was extensive.
- Explains that earthquakes are important to study, since they affect so many people per year.
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In this essay, the author
- Opines that major earthquakes are inevitable in indiana's future. the quake, whose epicenter was located north of evansville, was a wake-up call reminding those who haven't paid attention to past warnings.
- Explains that earthquakes are volcanic or tectonic in origin, and that more than 8,000 earthquakes occur each day without causing damage.
- Explains that earthquakes are a natural part of the earth's evolution, and geologists believe that all land on earth was at one point in time connected.
- Opines that major earthquakes are inevitable in indiana's future. the quake, whose epicenter was located north of evansville, was a wake-up call reminding those who haven't paid attention to past warnings.
- Explains that earthquakes are volcanic or tectonic in origin, and that more than 8,000 earthquakes occur each day without causing damage.
- Explains that earthquakes are a natural part of the earth's evolution, and geologists believe that all land on earth was at one point in time connected.
- Explains the richter scale, which measures the "back and forth force" of an earthquake using an instrument called a seismograph.
- Explains that the largest earthquake ever recorded in the world occurred in chile and registered a 9.5 in 1960.
- Explains that large earthquakes reaching a richter scale magnitude of 6.0 in indiana are predicted to occur in approximately 2,000-year cycles, but geologists don't know when the last one occurred.
- Explains that the wabash river valley fault line runs between vincennes and terre haute. most predicted epicenters are located in southwest indiana and southern illinois.
- Explains that samuelson believes that there is a greater earthquake possibility in indiana. the new madrid fault line is the largest fault in the midwest.
- Opines that an earthquake along the new madrid fault line could be more devastating to indiana than a quake from the wabash valley
- Opines that an earthquake would destroy and damage property for miles from the epicenter, killing thousands of people who are not prepared to deal with its effects.
- Explains that there is not much concern in the muncie area about devastating earthquakes. samuelson is certain that if the seismic strength of a quake was great enough, it could do damage to buildings.
- Explains that delaware county emergency management agency has an all hazards, all risks plan for tornadoes, floods and earthquakes.
- Opines that gaznell's only specific plan is what-to-do in the event of a chemical or nuclear attack, which is written in response to the terrorist threats facing the country.
- Suggests the american red cross prepare for an earthquake by preparing a home earthquake plan, practicing drills, and choosing an out-of-town contact. prepare disaster supplies for home and car.
- Describes the steps to follow when shaking begins, and explains how to prepare for aftershocks, such as checking for injuries and extinguishing small fires.
- Argues that indiana's fault lines are further underground than those in california and alaska, causing more minor quakes in the midwest.
1293 wordsRead More - Causes Of The 1906 San Francisco Earthquakeexplanatory essayMr. Adams describes the San Francisco earthquake as his most profound human suffering experience because the horror of shaking floors, parts of his mom’s house collapse to the floor, and got a broken nose from stumbling into a brick wall (Ansel Adams & The 1906 Earthquake 2008). Earthquakes are part of natural disasters of the earth and normally caused by shaking the ground and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in the earth crust called faults. Faults are usually locked excluding abrupt movements with slippage that create earthquakes (Lutgens, F. & Tarbuck,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was a natural disaster that was estimated to be magnitude 7.8 and caused the casualties of 2,000 people.
- Describes the 1906 san francisco earthquake, a natural disaster that was responsible for structural damage and the lives of many people.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was worse due to the ruptured power lines, which became uncontrollable because the water mains were also broken.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was a natural disaster that was estimated to be magnitude 7.8 and caused the casualties of 2,000 people.
- Describes the 1906 san francisco earthquake, a natural disaster that was responsible for structural damage and the lives of many people.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was worse due to the ruptured power lines, which became uncontrollable because the water mains were also broken.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake killed around 3,000 people and left countless residents homeless. the army provided housing for 20, 000 refugees in military camps.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was caused by the san andreas fault, a zone of seismic activity due to the tectonic plates moving against each under the earth.
- Explains how to identify safe places such as under a sturdy piece of furniture or against an interior wall in your home, office, or school so that when the shaking starts, you drop to the ground, cover your head and neck with your arms, and crawl to it and hold on.
- Explains the basics of getting ready for an earthquake, such as dropping down into the floor and covering head and neck with arms, if still in danger of falling objects and crawling under a sturdy desk or table.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was originated like every other earthquake with shaking and violent movements, which according to photographer ansel adams lasted forever.
- Explains that the 1906 earthquake was the most destructive natural event in the history of san francisco.
- Explains that the 99.7% chance of an earthquake in california as predicted by the usgs is important because people prepare by creating a plan.
1908 wordsRead More - The San Francisco Earthquake Of 1906analytical essayFrom studying the science behind the San Francisco earthquake, scientists have made a number of important discoveries involving how earthquakes function. At 5:12 on a fateful April morning in 1906, the mammoth Pacific and North American plates sheared each other at an incredible twenty-one feet along the San Andreas fault, surpassing the annual average of two inches (“San Francisco Earthquake of 1906”) (“The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fires”). A few seconds later, the destructive earthquake occurred. The ground shifted at almost five feet per second, and the shaking could be felt all the way from southern Oregon to southern Los Angeles to central Nevada (“Quick”) (“The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake”). In fact, the earthquake could be registered in a seismograph on Capetown, South Africa, an astounding 10,236 miles away...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that san francisco was in the midst of the second industrial revolution, when a devastating earthquake hit the city on april 18, 1906.
- Explains how the 1906 san francisco earthquake has affected the advanced knowledge in earthquakes that scientists have today.
- Explains that san francisco's weak alarm system broke down during the first earthquake tremor, thus not a single alarm went off during three days and three nights the fires lasted.
- Explains that san francisco was in the midst of the second industrial revolution, when a devastating earthquake hit the city on april 18, 1906.
- Explains how the 1906 san francisco earthquake has affected the advanced knowledge in earthquakes that scientists have today.
- Explains that san francisco's weak alarm system broke down during the first earthquake tremor, thus not a single alarm went off during three days and three nights the fires lasted.
- Explains that san francisco was built in a haphazard manner, with weak building structures and rudimentary fire protection.
- Analyzes how the 1906 san francisco earthquake devastated the city and its citizens. the earthquake and fires left 3,000 people dead and over 400,000 homeless, while the u.s. army provided basic necessities.
986 wordsRead More - San Andreas Fault Theoryexplanatory essaySince record keeping began, sometime in the 18th century, there have been 13 major earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault. However, radiocarbon dating has proved that earthquakes have been happening along the fault for thousands of years. The earliest recorded earthquake happened on July 28, 1769, and was experienced by Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portola while he camped along a small lake he named “San Andreas Lake”. Other notable early earthquakes occurred in 1836, 1838, 1865, 1868, and 1890. Unfortunately, there is no seismographic data recorded for these early earthquakes since it was not until 1887 that seismographs began being used in the United
In this essay, the author
- Explains ralph waldo emerson's quote that geologists learn geology the morning after the earthquake. fortunately for those living along the san andreas fault line in california, there are people behind the scenes.
- Describes the san andreas fault line as an 800-mile fracture in the earth's surface stretching from the gulf of california to san francisco.
- Explains that the san andreas fault was first exposed to geologists when the cliffs of mussel rock collapsed during the 1906 earthquake.
- Explains ralph waldo emerson's quote that geologists learn geology the morning after the earthquake. fortunately for those living along the san andreas fault line in california, there are people behind the scenes.
- Describes the san andreas fault line as an 800-mile fracture in the earth's surface stretching from the gulf of california to san francisco.
- Explains that the san andreas fault was first exposed to geologists when the cliffs of mussel rock collapsed during the 1906 earthquake.
- Explains that the pacific plate collided with the lighter north american plate 200 million years ago, and started sliding underneath, a process known as subduction.
- Explains that california's earthquake history is short. since record keeping began in the 18th century, there have been 13 major earthquakes along the san andreas fault.
- Explains that native americans lived along the fault line and experienced their own disasters. an earthquake rocked the northern coast of california, up through washington, and even into vancouver.
- Explains that the yurok tribe of northern california believed the god, earthquake, was running up and down the coast. the quileute and hoh people thought thunderbird and whale were having a terrible fight, making the mountains shake and uprooting trees.
- Explains the two most famous earthquakes in california since the area was first settled by the europeans were the 1857 fort tejon earthquake in southern california and the 1906 san francisco earthquake.
- Explains that the first of the two biggest earthquakes happened on the morning of january 9, 1857, when an estimated 7.9 magnitude earthquake hit the coast, rupturing the earth along the southern section of san andreas for approximately 225 miles.
- Explains that the earthquake was the last big one to occur along that section of the fault.
- Explains that a dried up river bed, known as wallace creek, crosses the line of the san andreas fault in the carrizo plain.
916 wordsRead More - The San Andreas Earthquakeanalytical essayAs stated from the article, “San Andreas Fault Facts” it states, Parkfield, in central California, pops off a moderate earthquake of around magnitude 6 every couple decades, and is a center for earthquake research. It was the site of the first official earthquake prediction by the U.S. Geological Survey” (Oskin). Throughout research we have a general idea of what is time come but the center for earthquake research still has a lot more work to do. But just because they predict it does not necessarily mean it will come true. As Stated from the article, “Scientists predicted another earthquake should occur in 1993, but it didn't happen until 2004” (Oskin). No matter the amount of time and research we put into we still do not have a direct date. It is a crazy thought to think that with so much research and facts that scientist would be wrong but that is the beauty of earthquakes. As stated from the article, “What will really happen when San Andreas Unleashes the Big One” it states, “While seismologists can’t predict exactly when that will happen, every few years they release a forecast for the likelihood of such an event” (Zielinski). It seems as if this is as far as we will be getting as a date for when this earthquake will occur. We may not have an answer but soon is definitely one of
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the mysterious nature of earthquakes, which keeps us guessing when the next one will come. the san andreas fault earthquake is the most mysterious, dangerous, and soon to come earthquake that we still don't have a date on.
- Explains that the san andreas fault is a powerful earthquake, but it's not clockwork. many researchers have been looking into when the mysterious earthquake can occur.
- States that the san andreas is the most worrisome tectonic plate in california, and the quakes will have a bigger effect on the people living near the fault.
- Analyzes the mysterious nature of earthquakes, which keeps us guessing when the next one will come. the san andreas fault earthquake is the most mysterious, dangerous, and soon to come earthquake that we still don't have a date on.
- Explains that the san andreas fault is a powerful earthquake, but it's not clockwork. many researchers have been looking into when the mysterious earthquake can occur.
- States that the san andreas is the most worrisome tectonic plate in california, and the quakes will have a bigger effect on the people living near the fault.
- Opines that researchers and scientists have some ideas that the earthquake may occur soon. parkfield, in central california, is the site of the first official earthquake prediction.
- Explains that the san andreas fault earthquake is mysterious, dangerous, and soon to come earthquakes that we will not know when they will occur.
942 wordsRead More - Earthquake Geophysics Essayexplanatory essayAn earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. the surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
- Explains earthquake geophysics, which consists of a 30 km thick crust, 2900 km mantle, and 3470 km core. elastic rebound theory of reid is based on this property.
- Explains that reid suggests that the crust, in many parts of the earth, is being slowly displaced and the difference between displacements in neighboring regions sets up elastic strains, which may become greater than the rock can endure.
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. the surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
- Explains earthquake geophysics, which consists of a 30 km thick crust, 2900 km mantle, and 3470 km core. elastic rebound theory of reid is based on this property.
- Explains that reid suggests that the crust, in many parts of the earth, is being slowly displaced and the difference between displacements in neighboring regions sets up elastic strains, which may become greater than the rock can endure.
- Explains that the point where the earthquake originated is called focus or hypocenter and on the earth surface directly above the focus, the epicenter. earthquakes are divided into the following types according to their depths
- Explains that wave's pass through earth and produce motion to the ground during an earthquake.
- Describes the effects of earthquakes, such as shaking of ground, displacement, fire, tsunami, flooding, soil liquefaction, and slope failure.
- Explains the magnitude of the tohoku earthquake, which is also called great east japan earthquake.
- Describes some major earthquakes worldwide with their damages to the life.
- Explains that soils and ground have significant role in earthquake assessment or seismic hazard assessment and helps to form earthquake resistant design.
- Explains that fluid induced seismicity is observed in oil-well stimulation, hydro thermal fields, filling of dams, and mine flooding.
- Explains that fluid induced seismicity is happening in oil field wells when there is less production from the oil well then the high pressured water is introduced underground in to stimulation well.
- Describes a well drilled by the us army in rocky mountain arsenal in the denver basin in 1961, where fluids were injected at the rate of 7.5-21 million per month.
- Explains that there was no seismicity in the area before the wellbore injection project started and after that a lot of seismic events happened.
- Explains that the malpasset dam collapsed due to rock foundation failure. water flowed in the fractures of bed rock at the bottom or toe of the dam, forcing it to lean downward.
- Analyzes the correlation between seismicity and increasing water level in the flooding area of a south african mine.
- Explains that the delay in seismic activity in mining was similar to that in dam impoundment. the delay fluid induced seismicity was observed in the rocky mountain arsenal case.
- Explains that earthquake prediction by environmental isotopes and tracing techniques has been noticed since 1980s. the mechanism of deep migration and to determine fault activity is used.
- Explains tracing techniques application of stable isotopes o18 and h2 can be measured with the help of mass spectrometer. investigation of circulation depth of geothermal water, water rock interactions and ground water recharge could evolve seismicity.
- Explains that groundwater shows abnormal changes due to observation environment changes or tectonic activity in the distant area. by tracing techniques of h2 and o18 the changes in water can be determined.
- Explains that earthquake gestation and occurrence is closely associated with the geothermal fluid's circulation depth.
- Explains that the greater the circulation depth of water more negative is the values.
- Explains that fault intensity becomes smaller and fault tends to move if the depth of circulation of geothermal water is large.
- Explains that wang studied the area south of zhangjiakou city for the seismicity and hydrothermal activity.
- Explains that water-rock interaction and fluid rock interaction change isotopic composition with rocks through which they are flowing. anomaly in ground water can be determined by long-term measurements of deep wells and hot springs.
- Explains that earthquakes and groundwater level fluctuations correlation can give us sign that how crust responses in response to tectonic stress and strain.
- Explains the effects of earthquakes on groundwater level changes in unconsolidated sedimentary basins. japan is one of the seismically active regions in the world.
- Describes the geological setting of kumamoto city, which is composed of unconsolidated sediments of upper quaternary.
- Explains that four earthquakes affected the groundwater level in kumamoto city during the study period of 10 years.
- Explains wang and manga (2010) and wang (2007) proposed a parameter (e) for the responses of seismic energy.
- Explains that the moment magnitude of kme was the smallest from all the four earthquakes, but the range of groundwater level change is highest among the 54 wells.
- Explains the range of ground water level changes due to foe earthquake was 0.01m – 0.15m which was at second number.
3184 wordsRead More - Power of the Quakeexplanatory essayThe length and severity of an Earthquake does vary. Much in the way lightning is a preemptive sign that thunder will follow, foreshocks are a preemptive sign that a major Earthquake will follow. Foreshocks are small Earthquakes that last anywhere from years to hours before a major quake. When foreshocks have been monitored for making predictions it has had mixed results but if nothing else they do allow people to prepare for the potential disaster that may follow. Once that major quake does follow it can last seconds or minutes and the damage can be nil or severe. If severe then the aftershocks that follow can bring down structures that were badly damaged from the major quake. This whole process is repetitious, taking place along faults with powerful quakes once every two years and moderate quakes averaging 40 per year. Scientists’ estimate more than 8,000 minor quakes take place each day but do not cause any damage.
In this essay, the author
- Explains how technology can reduce the loss of life in earthquake-prone areas. engineers have developed a number of different ways to build earthquake resistant structures.
- Explains dunegan, h.l., prediction of earthquakes home what’s new about ae/ms.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by a slippage of faults, which are located all over the earth.
- Explains how technology can reduce the loss of life in earthquake-prone areas. engineers have developed a number of different ways to build earthquake resistant structures.
- Explains dunegan, h.l., prediction of earthquakes home what’s new about ae/ms.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by a slippage of faults, which are located all over the earth.
- Explains that earthquakes are measured using seismographs and ground motions. seismograms reveal that seismic waves are elastic energy.
- Cites mooney, m.j. (1990). tsunami. (when the sea quakes) americas, vol. 42 issue 4.
1656 wordsRead More - Earthquake Essayexplanatory essayAn earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden release of energy inside the earth's crust. It's the breaking and moving of tectonic plates along a fault line. Earthquakes can range in size from weak where we don't feel them to extremely violent where they actually thow people around and destroy cities. They may be a result of geological faults or other activites such as volcanoes, landslides, mine blasts and nuclear tests. An earthquake is not always naturally caused.
In this essay, the author
- Explains an earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden release of energy inside the earth's crust and the breaking and moving of tectonic plates along a fault line.
- Explains that earthquakes have three different types of shocks that are normally felt by humans: foreshocks, the main shock, and after.
- Explains that earthquakes are measured on two different types of seismometers: the richter scale and the modified mercalli intensity scale.
- Explains an earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden release of energy inside the earth's crust and the breaking and moving of tectonic plates along a fault line.
- Explains that earthquakes have three different types of shocks that are normally felt by humans: foreshocks, the main shock, and after.
- Explains that earthquakes are measured on two different types of seismometers: the richter scale and the modified mercalli intensity scale.
- Explains that earthquakes are classified as primary and secondary impacts. tsunamis, fires and landslides destroy everything in their path.
- Explains that earthquakes can't be predicted, as scientists have tried many different things to try to predict them, but all have failed.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by tectonic plates moving in the earth's crust, which either move apart or pull together at faults.
879 wordsRead More - Earthquakes: One of the Most Potent Natural Powers on Earthexplanatory essay“Earthquakes are one of the most potent natural powers on earth and regularly affect people around the world. Unlike often equally destructive severe weather events such as hurricanes and tornadoes, earthquakes can hit at any time. Earthquakes can also have a array of magnitudes with the strongest having disturbing consequences for the zones where they are concentrated, nearby areas, and even some far away in the instance of earthquake-generated tsunamis” (Briney 1). We think that the ground beneath us is unmoving but the earth’s crust is constantly moving and the destructive forces caused by this moving are called earthquakes. I will be talking about several topics: What causes earthquakes, two types of earthquakes, what their affects are, and what we are doing to predict future earthquakes.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that earthquakes are one of the most powerful natural powers on earth and regularly affect people around the world.
- Explains that the earth's crust is comprised of massive rocks called tectonic plates. the juan de fuca plate is responsible for the volcanoes that dot the pacific northwest.
- Explains fault lines are the boundaries between tectonic plates. most earthquakes occur along fissures in the planet's surface called faults.
- Explains that earthquakes are one of the most powerful natural powers on earth and regularly affect people around the world.
- Explains that the earth's crust is comprised of massive rocks called tectonic plates. the juan de fuca plate is responsible for the volcanoes that dot the pacific northwest.
- Explains fault lines are the boundaries between tectonic plates. most earthquakes occur along fissures in the planet's surface called faults.
- Explains that seismic waves erupt from a focus point and the focal depth is the depth underneath the earth's surface where the energy release was created.
- Explains that there are two different types of earthquakes; a regular earthquake on land and an underwater earthquake.
- Explains that earthquakes are the most deadly form of natural disasters, but there aren't any real positive effects.
- Explains that california banks have refined emergency planning systems, but whether those plans expect everything in the zone being shut down is something else. businesses are trying new things to get around catastrophic earthquakes and be able to move on without them hindering economic growth.
- Explains that seismographs help us measure earthquakes. the richter scale is a logarithmic scale, implicating that the numbers on the scale amount to factors of 10.
- Explains that micro quakes occur continuously, while moderate earthquakes measure less than 6.0 or so on the richter scale. scientists are still using foreshocks as a base.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by friction and movement between tectonic plates. seismic waves disperse outwards from the focus point of an earthquake and travel inside the earth’s crust.
- Explains how a seismograph works and the richter scale.
- Analyzes the economic consequences of a catastrophic earthquake.
1919 wordsRead More - The Northridge California Earthquakeexplanatory essayBefore examining the Northridge event, understanding the naturally occurring hazard that is an earthquake will help to better understand exactly what happened and why it was such an important geological event. With four distinct layers, two layers, the crust and upper portion of the mantle, compose the skin that is the surface layer of the Earth. The crust is not a single, continuous piece. It is actually several different pieces, or plates, that come together to form the puzzle that comprises the surface of the Earth. These plates are in constant motion rubbing against one another. These areas, known as fault lines, where the plates rub up against one another have spots where one plate ”gets stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. When the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick and is how most of the earthquakes around the world occur” (Wald, 2012). The energy stored from the friction of the two plate...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that humans accept a certain amount of risk when choosing to live their lives. tornadoes in the midwest, hurricanes along the gulf coast or earthquakes are all hazards that residents in those regions accept and live with.
- Explains that the northridge earthquake was an important geological event. the crust and upper portion of the mantle make up the surface layer of earth.
- Explains that the northridge earthquake left a lasting impression on anyone who survived.
- Explains that humans accept a certain amount of risk when choosing to live their lives. tornadoes in the midwest, hurricanes along the gulf coast or earthquakes are all hazards that residents in those regions accept and live with.
- Explains that the northridge earthquake was an important geological event. the crust and upper portion of the mantle make up the surface layer of earth.
- Explains that the northridge earthquake left a lasting impression on anyone who survived.
- Explains that the northridge earthquake struck at 4:31 am local time. the response to the event occurred quickly.
- Explains that los angeles was prepared to respond to an earthquake and did so quickly. the recovery and reconstruction plan assigns primary responsibility for 300 separate tasks to at least one city agency or department.
- Opines that fema's response was no less important or immediate than that of the city, county or state.
- Opines that fema's assistance to displaced families didn't end there. it worked with the state of california and housing and urban development to relocate one hundred and thirty thousand families.
- Explains that the small business administration (sba) offered assistance to businesses and individuals. the sba issued loans totaling about four billion dollars to replace real estate damaged in the disaster.
- Explains that earthquakes have no early warning system unlike hurricanes or tornadoes, so no watch or warning was ever issued for the northridge earthquake.
- Analyzes how the northridge, california earthquake, the most expensive disaster in american history, left scars on the landscape and in the minds of those who lived through it.
- Summarizes the northridge earthquake: 1994 quake still fresh in los angeles minds after 20 years.
- Explains gordon, k., and emerson, j. governing through a disaster: lessons from the 1994 northridge earthquake.
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