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Operant conditioning is based on Thorndike's 'Law of Effect'. (McLeod, 2014) Which is really basic. According to the website educational portal, it teaches us that according to the “Law of Effects”, if we are rewarded for something we'll do it more often. (Goodfriend, 2014)
Operant conditioning uses “Law of Effects”. Basically, rewarding somebody for something positive they have done, can increase the chances of doing it again. Positive reinforcement is rewarding someone for doing a great job. Negative reinforcement is reinforcing or giving a consequence for making a poor choice. (Think of it as positive reinforcement is making a habit, and negative reinforcement is breaking a habit.)
Operant Conditioning is a simple learning through punishment and reward. Researchers have discovered that behaviors that are rewarded will increase its likelihood of recurring. Whereas, behaviors that are punished are likely to decrease in recurrence. The terminologies relevant to this are Primary Reinforcement= Primary reinforces are naturally reinforcing. (Alley Dog, 2014), Secondary Reinforcement= a situation wherein a stimulus reinforces a behavior after being previously associated with a primary reinforce or a stimulus that satisfies basic survival instinct such as food, drinks, and clothing. (Alley Dog, 2014) Positive Reinforcement= the offering of desirable effects or consequences for a behavior with the intention of increasing the chance of that behavior being repeated in the future, (dictionary.com, 2014) Negative Reinforcement= the reinforcing of a response by giving an aversive stimulus when the response is not made and omitting the aversive stimulus when the response is made. (dictionary.com, 2014), Positive Punishment= Positive punishm...
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...http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/positive+reinforcement educational portal. (2014, march 25). Retrieved from http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/positive-punishment-definition-examples-quiz.html#lesson
Feldman, R. (2013). Essentials of understanding psychology (10 th ed. Upper Saddle River , NJ: Pearson.
Goodfriend, W. (2014). Educational Portal. Retrieved from http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/behavioral-theory-thorndike-and-the-law-of-effect.html#lesson
Heffner, C. L. (2001). Retrieved from All psych 101: http://allpsych.com/psychology101/index.html
Kevin, T. (2014, March 25). scribd. Retrieved from scribd,com: http://www.scribd.com/doc/44979086/Behavioral-Theory-by-Skinner
McLeod, S. (2014, March 21). Simply Psychology. Retrieved from simply psychology.org/operant -conditioning: http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
If a behavior is desirable, consequences called reinforcers are used to encourage the behavior in the future, via the process of reinforcement. Reinforcement can be positive (presenting reinforcing stimulus) or negative (removing a negative stimulus). However, if a behavior is undesired, a negative consequence can be used to discourage the behavior, through the process of either positive or negative punishment. In positive punishment, a negative consequence is presented after the undesired behavior occurs. When negative punishment it used the idea is the same “to discourage future display of undesired behavior,” but instead of presenting a negative stimulus, a desired stimulus is removed following the behavior.
The World of Psychology. (2002). A Pearson Education Company. Boston, MA: Samuel Wood & Ellen Green Wood p. 593
Operant conditioning is changing behavior through the use of reinforcement after the desired action is given; a behavior that is rewarded positively is more likely to continue and a behavior that is rewarded negatively would likely stop occurring (Santrock,2014). In addition to reinforcement, Skinner also talks about punishment. Reinforcement increases the probability an action or behavior will be repeated, while punishment is intended to decrease a behavior (McLeod, 2015). When Laurie was younger, she thought she was being sent to school every day to socialize with her friends and that learning was a secondary, unintentional happenstance. In third grade, compared to the other students in her class, she was falling short in reading and math.
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
Operant conditioning is when your behavior is based on consequences. If Zane has never been praised for playing his oboe well, then he might not be as confident as if he had been complimented. If he has gotten compliments from playing before then he is expected to do better during his evaluation.
Davis, S. F., & Palladino, J. J. (2003). Psychology. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Gall, S. B., Beins, B., & Feldman, A. (2001). The gale encyclopedia of psychology. (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale Group.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a person is taught that specific actions are related to specific consequences. The main goal of using this type of conditioning is to encourage the individual to change his or her behavior in some way. Specifically, the individual can be encouraged to perform a desired behavior more often through use of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and he or she can also be encouraged to perform an undesired behavior less often through use of positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement is basically a type of operant conditioning in which an addition or reward is given to the individual when he or she has displayed the desired behavior, and as a result, the behavior
In second grade I was apart of a wild classroom. Their was a lot of chaos from all the young children. My teacher struggled to get everyone on task and to complete our work. After some time my teacher decided to make up a reward system (positive reinforcement). The children in the classroom were able to earn tickets for doing their homework, being respectful, and many other things. We were able to save these tickets and cash them in on fridays for treats, toys, or even sometimes extra recess. The teacher had a separate system for when we misbehaved. There were 3 colors you could earn everyday. If you weren’t on task, out of your seat, or just being disruptive she would change your color from green to yellow. If it happened again you got a red card and lost your tickets you earned for that day. This is a perfect example of positive punishment. It gave each child an opportunity to earn tickets for good behavior, and a warning system with the cards that possibly would lead to losing your earned tickets. Our teacher was using operant conditioning to produce a change in our
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Operant conditioning, which is called instrumental conditioning; similar to ontogenetic selection (B.F. Skinner), is a type of learning to obtain an achieved behavior as goal-oriented; strengthens behavior through rewards or punishments. These rewards and punishments that control behaviors are antecedents (discriminative stimuli) signaling those consequences. All life forms strive for goal-oriented conditioning The bacterium finds its way, somewhat inefficiently, up a chemical gradient; the dog begs for a bone; the politician reads the polls to guide his campaign (Wikipedia). The examples given are known as ontogenetic selection that is guided by consequences through a lifeform 's life.
Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Operant Conditioning- Another type of learning when voluntary responses are controlled by their outcome or consequence. So whatever you do in a scenario is already determined by the known outcome. An example would be a kid clowns around in class because he knows he will get attention and it is making him more popular. Another example would be that the parents of a kid give in to buying him a new toy, so he stops crying and complaining. Operant conditioning is pretty much why most people do things. You know if you go to work and do your job you will get paid and not fired. The reason why students go to school is because they know the outcome will be better grades and that leads to a degree. This is how most people think they know if they do something or don’t do something that they get a specific outcome. The way social situations work is with operant conditioning. Some people may act horribly to others because they know that their friend group likes it. This term controls your everyday thinking and
In my reaction paper I will discuss B.F. Skinners theory operant conditioning and the ways he tested it out on animals, how it relates to humans, and how I can relate operant conditioning to my own personal life.
In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning, discovered by B.F Skinner, is a learning process that involves either an increase or decrease in some behavior as a result of consequences (Amabile, 1985). Operant conditioning attempts to elicit new behavior through use of reinforcers and punishments.