When skin is damaged, it can no longer assist the body in protecting against infection, prevention of body fluid loss, manufacturing vitamin D, or regulating body temperature. Therefore, burn injuries are extremely threatening to the young child’s fragile, developing body. Weeks or months of painful, invasive treatment and recovery place much stress on pediatric burn victims. Resulting scars lead to significant anxieties about appearance and social acceptance through which support from family and friends is imperative.
Measuring and Assessing a Pediatric Burn
A burn is categorized based on the layers of skin that it impacts. The superficial integumentary layer is known as the epidermis and the inner, thicker layer is the dermis. First degree burns impact only the epidermis while second degree burns extend to the dermis. A third degree, or full thickness burn, destroys both layers of skin. The damage of fourth degree burns reaches all the way to the underlying muscle and bone. For the purposes of this paper, third degree burns are the focus. Some of the most likely causes of these full thickness burns are scalding liquids, extended contact with hot objects, flames, as well as electrical and chemical sources. They are dry, leathery, and may be deep red, white, yellow, black, or brown in appearance. Initially, the patient will feel little pain as nerve fibers may be damaged (Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters [CHKD], 2007).
The extent of a burn wound is also noted by its coverage of the victim’s total body surface area (TBSA). In adults this is usually referred to as the ‘rule of nines,’ meaning the body is divided into parts equaling approximately nine percent of TBSA. However, because of the cephalocaudal and proximodist...
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...ic burns from a child and family perspective: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 361-371. Doi: 10.1016/j. cpr.2012.12.006
Charis, Kelly. (2013). Burn Injury: Information for Parents with a Child Staying at the Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/Conditionsand Diseases/Injuries/Pages/burn-injury-hospital-information.aspx
Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management. (2011). Burn Triage and Treatment-Thermal Injuries. Retrieved from http://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/burns.htm
Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters. (2007). Burns. Retrieved from http://www.chkd. org/ healthlibrary/facts/content.aspx?pageid=0160
De Sousa, A. (2010). Psychological Aspects of Paediatric Burns (A Clinical Review). Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 23(3): 155–159. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3188258/
Determining the seriousness and appropriate treatment of a burn requires its classification. Burns are classified according to three factors, the depth and number of affected tissue layers, the total percentage of the body surface that is involved, and the presence of homeostasis disruption or destruction such as respiratory distress, fluid loss, or loss of blood pressure control (Patton & Thibodeau, 2014). According to Mr. MacPherson’s appearance and symptoms, his burns are classified as second-degree or partial-thickness burns. The evidence for this diagnosis according to Patton and Thibodeau (2014), are his presenting symptoms of severe pain and the appearance of blisters, edema, and fluid loss. This type of bur...
Study Design: Case studies were designed to determine whether leeching procedures would affect patients with chronic pain, and by what amounts. These were patients aged from 13 to 96 that were defiant to usual tradition procedures. Five case studies were made. The case studies were performed on two elderly patients; one diagnosed with RSD , and the other patient suffering from burnings, oedema and hyperesthesia. Three other patients were also treated; a 16-year-old adolescent also with RSD and a severe hypertrophic scar, as well as a patient with Berger’s disease and a war veteran with ‘scrape metal wounds’.
Bavram Y, Parlak M, Aypak C, Bayram I (2013). Three-year review of bacteriological profile and antibiogram of burn wound isolates in Van, Turkey. Int J Med Sci. 10(1):19-23.
Evaluation of the wound related to the nutritional aspect. The best coverage to be used is then chosen.
A pressure ulcer is an area of skin with unrelieved pressure resulting in ischemia, cell death, and necrotic tissue. The constant external pressure or rubbing that exceeds the arterial capillary pressure (32mmHg) and impairs local normal blood flow to tissue for an extended period of time, results in pressure ulcer (Smeltzer et. Al., 2013). According to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014, pressure ulcers are a major burden to the society, as it approaches $11billion annually, with a cost range from $500 to $70,000 per individual pressure ulcer. It is a significant healthcare problem despite considerable investment in education, training, and prevention equipment. This paper includes two different studies to link cause-effect
which is commonly diagnosed by prolonged pressure to the skin. A decubitus ulcer forms when constant pressure is put on skin and can damage the underlying tissue (Mayo Clinic, 2014). For example, persistent sitting in a wheelchair. It is an injury to the skin that is usually over a bony prominence like the sacrum (Kirman, C. et al. 2014). The National pressure ulcer advisory panel (NPUAP) explains that these sores result in ischemia, cell death, and tissue necrosis to the skin. The categories include four stages and two which are deep tissue injuries (NPUAP). Patients that use a wheelchair and have other disabilities have a higher chance developing pressure sores which limits their opportunity to position themselves (Mayo Clinic, 2014).
Burn injuries may originate in many different environments and by several different causes. The most common type of burn is a thermal or heat exposure burn. The magnitude of the burn has to do directly with the amount of time that the skin was in contact with the heat and the temperature of the heat. Usually thermal burns are cause by flames, hot liquid, steam or a hot object, depending on the severity of the burn, treatments may vary. Burns may also be caused by frostbite, chemical bur...
Pressure ulcers are one of the most common problems health care facilities often face which causes pain and discomfort for the patient, cost effective to manage and impacts negatively on the hospital (Pieper, Langemo, & Cuddigan, 2009; Padula et al., 2011). The development of pressure ulcers occur when there is injury to the skin or tissue usually over bony prominences such as the coccyx, sacrum or heels from the increase of pressure and shear. This injury will compromise blood flow and result in ischemia due to lack of oxygen being delivered (Gyawali et al., 2011). Patients such as those who are critically ill or bed bounded are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers (O'Brien et al., 2014).
children faced with the trauma of loss, they are also faced with a myriad of other
“Tutorial 7 · Recognizing and Addressing Trauma in Infants, Young Children, and Their Families.” Trauma Signs and Symptoms, 3 Dec. 2017, www.ecmhc.org/tutorials/trauma/mod3_1.html.
Wagner, Aureen, PhD. "Help Your Child Manage Traumatic Events | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA." Help Your Child Manage Traumatic Events | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA. ADAA, 2010-2014, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .
“Living with Burn Trauma,” an online article, states that “human skin is the largest organ of the body.” It provides many functions which assist humans to survive. What happens if this vital organ is destroyed? This is a question with which thousands of Americans are challenged annually. In the United States alone, 4,000 people die in burn accidents or from complications of burn injuries (“Prevention”). One common misconception is that burn victims have all come into contact with flames. Burns result from fires, electricity, hot liquids, chemicals, and even ultraviolet rays. Seeking medical attention for a proper diagnosis is critical to ensuring quality treatment and management of burns. Burn Centers have been established to help patients adapt to life after burns, which can be a great challenge. In today’s society, hospitals and medical professionals can treat burn victims, but the best remedy for burns is prevention.
In this case study, a six-year old boy, Carlton, was cut deeply on the foot after stepping on a sharp seashell while playing at a beach. His mother washed the injury on site and he wore his shoes home, but began showing some associated symptoms a day later. The foot had signs of swelling, was warm, and the original cut itself had turned red, and with there was pain. Carlton's mother has taken the initial action to place bandage gauze on the wound. Her next step is to take him to a local health clinic.
Childhood Trauma is defined as “The experience of an event by a child that is emotionally painful or distressful, which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.” (The National Institute of Mental Health). Childhood trauma is an epidemic that seems to be running its way throughout the world. Childhood trauma is a worldwide problem that can affect anyone and everyone. People tend to just try and help the problems that occur due to the childhood trauma, but not the problem itself. Many of these issues will also follow the child into their adult years and will cause negative effects. This paper will discuss the negative outcomes for a child who suffers from childhood trauma, and the negative outcomes that can follow them into adulthood.
When a wound is determined as non-healable, as described by Sibbald et al (1), it should not be treated with a moist treatment and should be kept dry in order to reduce the risk of infection that would compromise the limb. It is also important to consider the patient 's preferences and try to control his pain, his discomfort in activities of daily living and the odour that their wound may produce. In this case, special attention must be given to infection prevention and control. Some charcoal dressing would be interesting in the care of our non-healable wounds at St. Mary 's Hospital.