Abstract The goal of this lab was to extract the essential oils and other major products from cloves. The other products include eugenol, eugenol acetate, and β-caryophyllene. The products were synthesized through means of hydrodistillation and liquid-liquid extraction. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis was used to analyze the final products and determine the Rf values, which help determine the product location on silica paper. Eugenol, eugenol acetate, and β-caryophyllene were successfully isolated and examined. Introduction Aroma chemicals have been used in a wide variety of way. Extracts from cloves have been used for the purpose to treat asthma (Lee, 2001). It is believed that cloves the contain compounds that can be used as
Performing this experiment, we used the technique called Acid-Base extraction to isolate Eugenol, which is one of the main ingredients of clove oil. Acid-Base extraction is the most efficient method for isolating organic component; it is efficient because it purifies the acid and base mixture based on their chemical identities. We have seen throughout this experiment that acid and base play an important role, when it comes to solubility in water. Our basic knowledge of acid and base is acid is a proton donor and base is a proton acceptor. This ideology helps us to understand why organic compounds are not soluble in water. When compounds tend to be insoluble, we have to use acid and base reaction, to change its solubility. The changes that occurred
The two extracts, clove oil and tea tree extract, when mixed together can be used as an essential oil. These two extracts have very good disinfecting action on the skin and remove the harmful toxins. The phytochemicals that is present in these extracts are toxic to the bacteria that generally cause acne scars.
In this lab, Thin Layer Chromatography was used to identify the components of a certain drug. To do this, the compound in question, Motrin was tested against six standards in three different solvents. The three solvent were hexanes, ethyl acetate, and 75% ethyl acetate and 25% hexane; the solution of 75% ethyl acetate and 25% hexane was determined to be the best solvent. This is due to the larger variance in RF values. The six standards that Motrin was tested against were Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen sodium, caffeine and a caffeine and ibuprofen mixture. To determine which standard was present in the chosen drug, the retention factors, or RF, were calculated. A UV light was also used to see the distance each sample traveled in
What is aromatherapy? In an article titled “Phytotherapy Research” by Amr Edris, he describes aromatherapy as, “The use of essential oils and their volatile constituents are widely to prevent and treat human disease.” Aromatherapy is said to be an alternate form of medicine that uses essential oils, which are made up of volatile plant materials. With these essential oils it is said that they help to alter a person’s mood, health, mind, and cognitive function. It is also said that aromatherapy could substitute as treatment or prevention for certain diseases. There are many different types of oils used for aromatherapy in different ways for different outcomes. Such methods include the topical application, aerial diffusion, and direct inhalation. Topical application is any direct contact with the oil, used such as placing the oil in a bath or directly on to the skin. Aerial diffusion is where the oil is placed on the carpet around you or even on to a pillow or bed. Direct inhalation is a method where the oil is placed on the hands and rubbed together then while cupping your hands under your face to inhale the oils, this has a very powerful effect when used. Some uses of aromatherapy are for used as anti-depressants, relive stress, help with relaxation, insomnia, acne, itching and many more. To cure anxiety lavender, chamomile, rose, vanilla, and cardamom oils are all used for this. Lemon, jasmine, rosemary, sandalwood, and peppermint oils are all used to help with depression. When dealing with fatigue it is said that basil, cedarwood, clove, and eucalyptus all help. Headaches can be cured with lemon grass, thyme, ginger, and cinnamon oils. Caraway, chamomile, lavender, and rosemary oils are all used to help with menstrual cramps. The...
The essential fennel oil is obtained via steam distillation of crushed fennel seeds. The Scientific name of this plant is “Foeniculum Vulgare”. Fennel seeds have been in use as a mouth freshener and in culinary applications since ancient times. They are also widely used for medicinal purposes.
I will talk about these different sources and what processes are used to extract the oils from the source. When oils are extracted from plants there are different ways that they can be extracted from the pant this is mainly due to where the plants have been grown, the climate that they have been grown in and it can also depend on the soil that is used when the plant was planted. It is even said that when a plant is harvest and way it was harvested can depend on how they will then choose what extraction method will be used. To ensure that you are going to get the best quality from the source. It is extremely important that you get the most natural biochemistry of the plant, as it will then mean that you are going to the best oils sourced. There any many different ways of sourcing essential oils. One of the ways that we extract an oil can be through Solvent extraction. This is when a solvent called hydrocarbon is used to dissolve the essential oils from the plant. This Is done by adding the solvent to the plant. The dissolved essential oil is then distiller by filtering and concentrating the oil, until you have a combination of resin, wax and essential oil this is know as the concentrate. Pure alcohol is then added to the concentrate which will eventually evaporate and leave behind the oil. Steam distillation is
When you eat garlic, out an enzyme called allyl methyl sulfide. The presence of these enzymes contributes to the scent of garlic and the effect
Cut up a handful of leaves (reasonably small handful) with the scissors and place in the mortar.
In this experiment, lipids from ground nutmeg are extracted using a combination of solvents and identify the lipids through chromatography. The purpose of using solvent combinations is to elute the lipids based on their polarity to binding of the silica gel. The chromatography is performed on a silica gel plate and the use of iodine to visualize the lipids. By calculating the Rf values for each compound and comparing them to the known lipids, we are able to distinguish the lipids within the grounded nutmeg.
Hello student! In order to solve your problem, it is important to first understand how thin layer chromatography works. Thin Layer Chromatography is a way in which we can separate components of mixtures and identify qualities about their chemical nature. The TLC plate is made of a silica gel which plays an integral role in the distance the different samples will travel, which we will discuss later. For now, it is important to know that Silica gel is very polar. The solvent, which is what you are placing the TLC plate in, is also very important in determining the distance the spots will travel. The different properties of the mixtures, especially polarity, determine how far the spot will travel once placed in the solvent and this is what allows
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has many common everyday uses and some not so common uses. Everybody has probably used cinnamon for some reason, whether for cooking purposes or medicinal purposes. Despite being widely used in food and pharmacy it is also important in the cosmetic and perfumery industries (7). In some areas cinnamon has been known to be used for religious purposes.
The purpose of these lab was to help students understand the chromatographic techniques of column chromatography and Thin layer chromatography. Column chromatography is used to help students understand the relationship between eluting power and polarity. Eluting power is defined as the ability of the mobile phase to move a substance from stationary phase. The polarity of the solvent used in the lab can be described as Methanol> acetonitrile>acetone>ethyl acetate> hexane in decreasing order. Since Methanol and acetonitrile are more polar, they will easily separate methylene blue and methyl orange wh while other solvents will take longer time to separate. In the case of hexane, on the dyes did not separate at all and they slightly separated
Aromatherapy, as defined by Wikipedia, is “a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials, known as essential oils, and other compounds for the purpose of altering a person’s mind, mood, cognitive function, or health” (1). Although many people are unaware, aromatherapy is often used in many everyday products such as candles and soaps. The scents used in these same products can also be used to treat stress and depression. The aromas inhaled through the nose are absorbed and sent to the limbic system–the part of the brain that controls hormones and stress levels. These scents do not have to simply be inhaled from the bottle or via diffusers, however; they can additionally be used to make more topical applications, such as shampoos, lotions, compresses, bath salts, etc. The oils that are inhaled stimulate emotions, whether calm or energetic, happy or mellow. For treating stress or depression, the feelings strived for would be happy and calm, therefore the appropriate oil(s) would be used in the preferred type of application.
The first group of chemical compounds to be discussed are terpenes. Terpenes are a very comprehensive group of metabolites which are known to contain essential oils that produces well-known scents in herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family (Scott 2008). These scented compounds are usually found in the trichomes of basil, rosemary, lavender, etc. (Scott 2008). Electron micrograph images of these trichomes can be seen below. According to Keeling & Boltmann (2006), there are about 30 000 known types of terpenes which originated from structures created from terpene synthases. These terpene synthases can be broken up into three groups, monoterpene synthases, sesquiterpene synthases, and diterpene synthases (Keeling &...
Peppermint is said to believe to have many benefits regarding health of the human body. Although many people relate peppermint to the extract we put in foods to give it flavor around the holidays, peppermint oil is used in aroma therapy. Some of its usage is for helping irritable bowel syndrome, indigestion, relieves headaches, and improves mental focus. Due to the many health advantages of peppermint oil, it has become a common essential oil used in modern day aroma therapy.