In Chapter 2 of They Say/ I Say, Graff et.al. discusses the craft and techniques of summaries, well technically the art of it. A summary explains the critical information presented in a writer’s own words from another source in a reduced length. Summaries can still make it possible for people to gain knowledge even if they are busy. While writing a summary, the writer should only focus on the text and information from the other source. Writers can achieve this by playing the “believing game” in which the writer suspends their own beliefs and focuses only on the summary, to not cause confusion for the reader. If the writers refuse to not focus on the viewpoint of the author then there will be two different viewpoints in the summary that will
Another key point, is to break the writing into sections, so it is easier to understand and grasp what the author is arguing about. It is for you to describe the text and be able to put it in your own words or summarize
Summarizing an article or story can help the reader understand what he or she is reading. Summarizing also helps the reader get a better understanding of the article. Analyzing an article can help the reader see what the author was trying to say in more detail. Analyzing helps the reader with main points in the article.
In Katherine Anne Ackley’s book, “Perspectives on Contemporary Issues: Seventh Edition”, chapter one instructed the reader how to read critically. Reading critically is defined as the process of making a rhetorical analysis, or examination, of a piece of work. First, a reader must read a piece of work to understand it, then they must be able to assess, or criticize, it. To do so, the reader should examine the author’s position, and the evidence provided to support that position. They should also be able to discern between logical and illogical pieces of evidence. Reading critically can be used to write summaries, critiques, arguments, synthesis’, and research papers.
In They Say/I Say, Chapter Eighteen is talking all about food, and the long term argument that has been going on forever: What should we eat? There are many good articles in the chapter written by many reliable authors, but there are two of the articles that really stood out. The first one “The Supermarket: Prime Real Estate” by Marion Nestle, and the second is “How Junk Food Can End Obesity” by David H. Freedman. Both of these authors talk about the food industry, one talks about how the supermarket effects the choices people make in their diets, and the other talks about how junk food and the fast food industries might just be the way to go to help Americans become healthier.
Before 1925 recordings were made with an acoustical horn that would capture the sound of the musicians in front of it and transferred the vibration to a cutting stylus. No electricity was used. This process was called the acoustical process. In 1925, microphones were introduced to transfer the acoustical energy to an electric signal, which fed the cutting stylus. This electrical process ameliorated recordings sound.
The traditional method is incredibly contextual, meaning, it looks deeply at the source, message, and audience as they interact within a give time span. Furthermore, this method is a critique of the assumed interaction between a speaker, text, or artifact and its intended audience. In contrast, a narrative criticism examines all facets of any rhetorical artifact for its form, structure, and pattern, treating it as a dramatic story that unfolds and reveals itself for a certain purpose. Additionally, narratives are primarily utilized as a cognitive instrument for comprehending significance.
Ooka Shohei named the last chapter of Fires on the Plain “In Praise of Transfiguration.” Through the whole novel, readers witness the protagonist Tamura transform from an innocent soldier to a killer. Readers watch him go from condemning the practice of eating human flesh to eating human flesh for his own survival. At the end, Readers see Tamura’s redemption as he shot Nagamatsu who killed and ate his own comrade Yasuda. What was the difference between two men who both killed and ate human beings? To Tamura, the guilt of eating human flesh distinguished himself from Nagamatsu who cold-bloodily killed Yasuda. As Tamura recalled, “I do not remember whether I shot him at that moment. But I do know that I did not eat his flesh; this I should certainly have remembered.” (224) The fact of him shooting at Nagamatsu had no importance to Tamura. However, his emphasis on not eating
Writing requires a delicate balance between pleasing an audience, yet finding and sticking true to personal perspectives. More often than not, people find themselves ignoring their own thoughts and desires and just following along with the crowd, not standing up and arguing for anything, leaving behind a wishy-washy essay because they are too scared to stray from the obligations to others before the obligation to themselves. Anne Lamott’s “The Crummy First Draft” and Koji Frahm’s “How To Write an A Paper” both evaluate and stress the importance to find your own voice in writing and to be more critical towards readers. The reader’s perspective needs to play a role in writing, but it should not overrule the writer themselves. Writing needs to
Haas and Flower then provide an example [Page 177], of the differences of a student reader and an experienced reader. The example shows a remarkable difference between the two, the student reader was able to identify the situation and paraphrased what he found out. The experienced reader not only identified the situation, but provided a theory to attempt to explain what the author was trying to do; this is quite different than what the student reader provided. I believe Haas and Flower added the example to emphasize the difference of the conclusions that the student reader and the experienced reader came to. By adding the example, Haas and Flower were also able to support rhetorical reading and the difference it made between the readers. Haas and Flower then state the following: “While the student reader is mainly creating a gist and paraphrasing, the experienced reader does this and more – he then tries to infer the author’s purpose and even creates a sort of strident persona for the writer” [Haas and Flower, 177] The following quote is basically the description of the experiment, and explains the difference in the student reader’s response to the experienced reader’s
Provide a unifying title for these readings collectively, followed by few statements that support the message, or argument, you see emerge from readings as a whole.
He too quickly dismisses the idea of reading on your own to find meaning and think critically about a book. For him, Graff states that “It was through exposure to such critical reading and discussion over a period of time that I came to catch the literary bug.” (26) While this may have worked for Graff, not all students will “experience a personal reaction” (27) through the use of critical discussion. The solution to this seems to be neither giving away answers or lazily doing assigned reading in order to find meaning within the text.
A summary is described as, " a breif statement or account of the main points of something." Many people use summaries in order to better understand something rather than just having to read everything. Every detail in a summary is basically a main point or idea. The book has its own way of describing what a summary is. In the book it states that, " Summary is the process of abbreviating and rewording the main ideas of a text. If that text is an argument, the main ideas can often be identified by focusing on the line of reasoning" In the book the collapse of Western Civilization they have many valid points within their arguments. Chapter three of this book is called market failure. It is mainly about how power was more to the political parties
reader creates “supplementary meaning” to the text by unconsciously setting up tension, also called binary opposition. Culler describes this process in his statement “The process of thematic interpretation requires us to move from facts towards values, so we can develop each thematic complex, retaining the opposition between them” (294). Though supplementary meaning created within the text can take many forms, within V...
...Moreover, by having paragraphs smaller and/or larger then others, it helps the reader identify what is important within the confines of the text.
Tom Steffen’s family arrived at the hospital five hours after leaving the Long Island apartment he shared with his wife and daughter. Tara asked her family to take Lilly to the hotel they booked during the ride, but Margie refused. She insisted on accompanying Tara and Charlotte to the hospital.