2.1 Raman Scattering
Theory
From the previous chapter, we know that Raman scattering is inelastic. The meaning of inelastic scattering is observable from the figure below. When an electron is excited by photons of applied light, it jumps from ground state to higher sates. While scattering, there are various possible things might happen. To explain Raman scattering, I have mentioned three of them here. From the figure delineated below, we can see an elastic scattering of light namely, Rayleigh scattering. This scattering is responsible for visible lights and falls under visible spectroscopy. After that, there are two inelastic scattering. They are Stokes Raman scattering and Anti-Stokes Raman scattering. When a scattered photon has an energy lower than the applied photon(light) by some quantum and electron comes back to the first vibrational state, Stokes Raman scattering occurs which is also called positive Raman shift. On the other hand, when a scattered photon has higher energy than the incident photon and it assigns the molecule at the ground state is called Anti-Stokes Raman scattering or negative Raman shift as an alternative.
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As we know, the fingerprint is the most useful tool for distinguishing people from one another. Like that, the organization of Raman spectrum is an intrinsic characteristic of a particular molecule which means two different particles cannot have the same Raman spectrum [17]. Raman can access the chemical content of a molecule system through the observation of molecular vibrations [18]. Along with that, the whole process is label-free which means we do not need any alien molecules to run the operation. Consequently, Raman exposes a considerable amount of possibilities in front of
The goal of this experiment is to study the most precise way of measuring molecular bond lengths and introduction to computational software used for studying molecular properties. This is of interest in that the instrument to being used, a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, can measure the vibrational and rotational transitions of the fundamental and first overtone of CO. Through this experiment the objective is to collect data from the aforementioned instrument in order to determine vibrational and rotational spectroscopic constants and CO’s bond length, then to compare them with quantum chemical calculation.
A spectrum is a group of light wavelengths that are ordered in relation to their wavelength length. The electromagnetic spectrum consists radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. (1)Specifically, this lab looks at the visible light part of the spectrum because one of the colors in the visible light spectrum is shine through the sample. The visible light spectrum consists of colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The color chosen to be shine through the sample is affected by the color of sample when mixed with the indicator Ammonium Vanadomolybdate (AMV). The color on the color wheel that is opposite of the solution’s color is the color that is shined through the
The task of interpreting William T. Vollmann’s works seems as monumental for the reader as writing the story oneself. The text of “The Visible Spectrum”, in fact, does not feature any extensively challenging vocabulary or particularly thwarting subject matter; yet it would seem that in all of its “objectivity” and “transparency”, there lies no obvious, dominant or intended interpretation. The narrative is ambiguous in its “message” to an infinite degree, and thus the reader must construct its “meaning” given only scraps of discontinuous plot, description and dialogue.
Matthew Norman based the Vibrational Manifestation guide on what he calls the Vibrational Guidance, which is supposedly the missing ingredient of The Law of Attraction. The idea is everything you want has a vibration (frequency and wavelength). When you use Matthew’s science-based technique, it would help you tune into the specific vibration of your desires. Once you do this successfully, you’ll know exactly where to go and what to do next.
absorption spectra - the Beer-Lambert Law. (n.d.). absorption spectra - the Beer-Lambert Law. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.html
This reflective essay will demonstrate the concept of reflection. The model of reflection by Driscoll, 2007 has been followed in this essay to reflect the clinical skills that I have studied and practiced in week 7to week 9 of this unit which assisted me to get prepared for the practical experience which I will commence at the end of this semester. I have practiced numerous skills during the practicals class, but this essay will be a focus on taking care of bedsore and wound management.
Note, that the shorter the wavelength of the light, the more the ray strikes the glass surface is refracted. Blue and violet rays are deflected more than red rays. The degree of the deflection is a case characterized by a value, the refractive index n. It varies from the different colours of the spectrum. The degree of refraction is given by Snellius's law of refraction:
When you see a reflection the photons in the light wave are being absorbed (absorption) by the atoms electrons in the mirrors matter that then vibrate and produce a near identical light photon which then bounces out from the mirror creating reflection
23. S. Alwarappan, S. Boyapalle, A. Kumar, C.-Z. Li and S. Mohapatra, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 6556–6559
Throughout different experiments, scientists have discovered that light behaves as both a wave and a particle in different circumstances. The only way that all of the properties of light can be explained is through the idea of a wave-particle duality.
More than 45 million chemical compounds are known and the number may increase in million every year, without cheminformatics, the access of these huge amounts of information is very difficult.
states strikes an excited atom, the atom is stimulated, as it falls back to a
The law of reflection states that when a ray of light strikes a plane mirror, the light ray is reflected off the mirror as such that the angle of reflection is equal to incidence angle. The diagram below illustrates the law.
A part of the Red-Ox Reaction is the Half- Reaction. It can either be Reduction or Oxidation. We can now that Half Reaction occurred when there is a change in the Oxidation State. Oxidation State/ Number is the number allotted to an element in chemical combination that corresponds to the number of electrons lost-- gained, if the number is negative, by an atom of that element in the compound. [7]
Reflection: If an object does not radiate its own light, it must reflect light to be visible. Reflection includes two beams - an approaching or incident beam and an active or reflected beam. The imaginary line that is perpendicular to the principal axis is called the normal. A beam of light that hits this surface is known as the incident beam/ray. This beam/ray of light hits the surface and ricochets off (reflected beam). The point between the incident beam/ray and the normal will be indistinguishable in estimation as the edge between the reflected beam and the normal. All reflected light complies with this relationship, called Snell's Law, that the incident angle breaks even with the angle of reflection. This is the Law of