In Malaysia, development is very important in order to achieve 2020 Vision. From the perspectives of social science, development cannot be explained by using common sense. Earlier thinker has their own theories and measurement to explain about the development. In general, the definitions about development is “when development thinking broadened to encompass modernization, economic growth was combined with political modernization, that is nation building and social modernization such as fostering entrepreneurship and achievement orientation” (Pieterse, 2010, p. 6). As a whore, there are three theories that can be used to explain about development which is Modernization Theory, Dependency Theory, and World System Theory (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
Modernization Theory
The first theory to explain about development Theory of Modernization introduced by Walt Whitman Rostow that explained about five stages that needs to be achieved in order to develop. The stages was called as Linear-stages-of-Growth Model to explain the process of economic growth in which the process is considered as a series of successive stages of economic growth which all countries must pass through. According to Rostow (1960), there are five stages of development in which those stages focus on development from underdevelopment to development or in other words, those stages explain the move from agricultural society with traditional cultural practices to a rational industrial and service focused economic.
The first stage is the “traditional society”. In this stage, society are depend all over on the agriculture to survive and as their resources. They rely on the political systems in which the power was owned by people who control over the lands which agr...
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...tion. Retrieved April 3, 2014, from www.scribd.com/doc/172069353/Class-6-The-Dependency-Perspective Matunhu, J. (2001). A critique of modernization and dependency theories in Africa: Critical assessment. African Journal of History and Culture, 3(5), 65-72.
New York: Academic Press. (1974). Summary of Wallerstein on world system theory modern history sourcebook. Retrieved April, 3, 2014, from www.saylor.orf/.../HIST321-6.1.2-summary-of-Wallerstein-on-World-System-Theory.
Pieterse, J. N. (2010). Development theory: Deconstruction reconstruction (2nd 2d.). London,
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Rostow, W. W. (1960). The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto.Retrieved April, 5, 2014 from http://sites.jmu.edu/soc1348/files/2012/05/Rostow/Rostow.pdf.
c. 8000 B.C.E. was the beginnings of agriculture also known as the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution. Agricultural Revolution transformed human life across the planet. This event demonstrates KC 1.2: I.A because this led to cultivation of plants and domestication of animals that caused creating abundant amount of food supplies. It illustrates the interaction between human and environment, development of technology, settling patterns, and how natural resources gave some lands advantages over others. Agriculture developed independently at different times in different regions. Historians believe that the Agricultural Revolution might have originated from Middle East (ME), although they are not fully sure.
History provides the opportunity to explore the origins of a topic or problem. The information from Agriculture and rural society after the Black Death provides an overview of agricultural and rural society’s agrarian issues; during the Middle-Ages these issues were centered around depopulation and social conflict (Dodds & Britnell, 2008, pp.3-50). Problems in the economics of society in the medieval fourteenth century involved the decline of social status and labor services (Dodds & Britnell, 2008, pp.73-132). Other examples are seen in change and growth describe of that in 1870, the Great Plains only had 127,000 people; six decades later in 1930, there were 6.8 million people; 74 percent of the population lived in non-metropolitan areas; from 1930 to 1940, there was a loss of 200,000 people; 75 percent of these counties lost populations from the Great Depression and severe drought, which had caused the abandonment of farms (Kandel & Brown, 2006, p.431). To understand these past experiences, the door to hindering issues must be opened to determine how agricultural sustainability forges change.
...lated with the food production to make other produce, like pottery, leather goods and cloth. (Bairoch, p14) Economic specialization due to emergence of advanced technologies led to the creation of influential classes of leaders and social stratification. Regional fiscal specialization frequently centered on possessions indigenous to the area in which the group of people was situated. Trade was enhanced among areas having different goods and services so as to provide an equitable and reasonable distribution of products. Social stratification was limited in ancient agricultural communities. Property may have been owned communally by all members of the society which provided cheap labor. The role of women in agricultural sectors had declined and men took over the necessary responsibilities of agriculture and started to control the application of the new tools.
Societies begin with a hierarchical structure in which one must begin from the top of its basic structure, through its intermediates, before hitting the bottom of the sociologically defined society.
Agriculture plays an enormous part in having a functioning society. The farming fields in the
In order to understand the issues at play and to propose various solutions, three main concepts would be examined. The focus would be on context of development, self and identity development and social development.
In the 1960s, American Economists Walt Whitman Rostow published a model in an attempt to define development, a definition that is still redefined from time to time. Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth Model (Rostow. 1959.) define development based on 4 fundamental concepts:
Theories of child development have been researched and published over the years. These researches have been done by popular theorists four of whom are Piaget (1896 –1980), Vygotsky (1896 –1934), Ausubel (1918 –2008) and Kohlberg (1927 –1987). First and foremost let me define the term theory. A theory is a collection of related statements; the principal function of which is to summarize and explain observations. It is in a sense an invention designed to make sense of what we know or suspect. Developmental theory on the other hand is a systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older. The writer in her essay will outline two theories of development Lawrence Kohlberg and Jean Piaget who spoke about the moral and cognitive development respectively.
Development is the act or process of growth of humans throughout the lifespan, improving quality of life and expanding real freedom that people enjoy. Development is a process of extending the true opportunities and real freedom that people revel in. Concentrating on human opportunities and freedom appears differently with relation to narrower perspectives of improvement and development. For example, identifying development with the advancement of gross national product, or with industrialization, or with the rise in personal incomes, or with the ascent in particular livelihoods, or with technological advancement or social modernization.
Firstly, there is a need to understand what is meant by development. It is defined as “the continuous and positive change in the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions of the human condition, guided by the principle of freedom of choice and the limited capacity of the environment to sustain such change.” (Sharpley, 2003: 8-7). Sharpley (2000) explains how theories of development have progressed; Firstly the ‘Modernisation Theory’ (1950s- 1960s), in which societies are seen to switch from traditional to modern only through economic growth. Next is the ‘Dependency Theory’ (late 1960s), this takes into account the historical and economic structures of developing countries, distribution of benefits, social players such as local elites, state interests and private companies, and situations in which an economy and development of a country can be conditioned by a more dominant country (Santos, 1970). The ‘Neo Classical Counter Revolution theory’ (1980s) was made to fit in with global events such as the economic depression, and development policies that build upon dependence on free market. Finally, ‘Sustainable development’ (late 1980s) is the theory that creates the encouragement for development of many developing countries. This theory aided by government policies of backings, tax breaks, and incentives. These theories have developed through growing knowledge of evolving processes, and dismissal of past theories (Sharpley, 2000).
Agriculture is the science and practice of producing crops and livestock. The primary aim of agriculture is to use the land to produce more abundantly to feed and clothe the world at the same time protecting it from deterioration or misuse. Humans had to improve agriculture as they became more dependent on food, creating a solitary evolutionary connection between plants and animals (Campbell and Reece, 2001). In this day and age, so many people have forgotten the authentic premises of survival. It is easy for some to believe that the grocery stores produce food and clothing is produced by shopping centers. These inaccurate presumptions are being made due to the lack of knowledge of how agriculture truly works. There are also significant differences in the levels of understanding between rural and urban communities.
As Escobar points out in The Problematization of Poverty, one of the many changes in the post-WW2 era was the "discovery" of mass poverty throughout the world. This "discovery" had massive implications for development discourse. Prior to WW2, development discourse was limited to the colonial experience. But with the end of colonial rule lurking on the horizon, western academics began to formulate theories of economic growth and "modernization." As a result, an entire genre of academic research emerged: the development discourse. The aim of development discourse was to chart out patterns of growth (which were based on the historical successes of the West) that newly independent countries could use, primarily to escape vicious cycles of poverty, famine, etc.
To explore issues of modernization theory, the essay will first attempt to highlight the meaning of the term modernization from different perspectives, which is then followed by a discussion of the context in which the theory developed. The main aim of this paper is discuss the limitations of modernization theory. Then it will focus on some basic objections embedded in the theory that offer critiques from many development studies scholars. This will be done by focusing on the key points which are social, and cultural significances. The last step of the essay will be the idea of the writer about modernization theory.
Development originated in the colonial era, when Europeans constructed domestic and imperial government systems and concentrated within the emerging national states as industrial system fueled by the products of colonial labor regimes (McMichael, p. 2). In the 19th century, development was understood philosophically as the improvement of humankind. European political elites interpreted development practically, as a way to socially engineer emerging national societies (McMichael, p. 3). In the post WWII, United State was concerned how to shape the future of the newly independent states in ways that would ensure that they would not be drawn into the communist Soviet bloc. Motivated by this concern, the United States enlisted its social scientists
It is natural to be misled by the idea that economic growth is the key