This essay explores motivation. The essay talks about several different theories. The first is Humanistic Theory of motivation by Adam Maslow. This theory talks about a pyramid which consist of the typical human needs and the order in which humans are going to attempt to do them. The second one is the Arousal Theory. This is how people are motivated to maintain an ideal balance of arousal and how the body will adjust to being over or under aroused. The next theory is the Instinctive Theory. I talk about Darwin and how he compares the instincts of animals to humans. The next is Incentive Theory which is the motivation of doing something to receive something after you are done. The next Theory is the Expectancy Theory which was created by Victor …show more content…
This theory was made popular by Adam Maslow. Maslow presents the concepts in a pyramid. These consist of the typical human needs. Sleep, water, food, sex, and reproduction are the base of all the other desires. Next building up from that is “safety.” This consists of thoughts on employment and family needs. It also goes into the materialistic aspect if owning property. The next sector touches base on the social aspect of belonging. This relates to relationships whether platonic or romantic. Self-esteem is built up from that and it develops into the need for respect from others and from then on it leads to your morals and thoughts. This progresses into the manner you accomplish whatever you had intended. This means that needs at the top of the pyramid you cannot be addressed until you have the other sectors of it fulfilled. For example, it would be difficult to ask a homeless person to think about morality when his basics need have not been …show more content…
Vroom’s expectancy theory suggests that the behavior outcomes from coherent choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to decrease pain. Vroom uses three key elements to link a person’s motivation. Which are Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence. That being said having confidence helps describe the first element know as Expectancy. This indicates the belief that one has the capabilities to achieve the outcome desired. When you’re confident you know the skills and have support from the right people, you will be more likely to reach that goal. People who feel they lack the skills and knowledge to perform the task being asked to get done, are less motivated to even try to finish. Then we have the element of incentive as motivation. Then there is the element known as Instrumentality. Which is believing a valued outcome will be received if you perform well. So if I do a good job at this, there is something in it for me. The last element Vroom uses is Valence. Which is the level of importance the individual has on the outcome. The individual must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. For example, if money motivates you to perform your very best, and the reward for doing a good job is a free lunch will not be valued the same. His expectancy theory works on perceptions. The expectancy theory of motivation is not about self interest in rewards but with the connections, people
At the outset of the selected topic concerning Motivation and Satisfaction, it is imperative to clarify and elucidate what both these terms – Motivation; and Satisfaction– actually mean and connote in the psychological framework.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory that includes a five level pyramid of basic human
"Motivation: The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action towards a desired goal, the reason for that action.”
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail primary drives for physical needs such as water and food, and acquired drives realized through conditioning or experience such as the need for income or social acceptance; whereas, one must meet the need to reduce the drive to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom
This is a theory in psychology from 1943 that lists our needs in a hierarchal format and says that the needs of the most basic level must be fulfilled before higher needs are desired. You must meet all your biological and physiological needs before you are concerned about your relationship or esteem needs. Psychologists have criticized this theory throughout the years, for example, Saul McLeod says in his essay explaining Maslow’s Theory, “Personal opinion is always prone to bias, which reduces the validity of any data obtained. Therefore Maslow 's operational definition of self-actualization must not be blindly accepted as scientific fact” (Simple Psychology). Using a theory that has not been rigorously proven weakens the author’s argument. Most readers, however, are not familiar with the theory or it’s controversy, and would take it at face
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail the primary drives for physical needs (water and food) and the acquired drives learned through experience or conditioning (need for money or social approval); whereas, one must meet the need to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom (Teigen, 1994). (4) Incentive
Motivation is defined as an inner drive that encourages action or feeling towards a desired goal. It is moving forward and not staying static. A person’s efforts are energized, directed and sustained towards achieving their goal. It is a basic desire which begins with a physiological or psychological need which triggers a behaviour that is aimed at a goal or incentive. For example hunger motivates the need for food. Desires and goals are the inherent strength that drives us to move, take action or plan to achieve. The processes that give behaviour strength and purpose are needs, cognitions, emotions and external events. Reeve (5th Edition).
A motivation theory that was presented in the 20th is called “Arousal Theory”. The two psychologists by the names Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson were the ones responsible for introducing the “Yerkes-Dodson Law” in the early 1900’s. The theory suggests, “during low arousal or stimulation the results is slow and lethargic and as the arousal increases so does the performance”. As it applies to motivation, arousal is a need that can be triggered by several factors. For instance, they can be a factor that is dependent on the temperature or climate. The arousal can be dictated by either hot or cold. In “cold” situations, arousal can be deemed low and on the other spectrum of being “hot”, arousal can elevate. During winter times, generally people tend to stay inside and stay warm in their cozy homes relaxing in their fireplace. People’s tendencies can be relaxed and lazy (low arousal). On the other hand, during summer weather most of us are vibrant and lively enjoy...
What is motivation? According to text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things: this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves. Depending on how motivated we are, it may further determine the effort we put into our work and therefore increase the standard of the productivity. There have been a wide variety of theories about motivation developed over the years. Several are drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, psychosocial (both incentive and cognitive) theory, and Maslow’s H...
Similarly, Maslow's theory also reflects that humans have an internal force to reach their highest potential (Maslow, 1968). Maslow examined the hierarchy of basic human needs and developed a pyramid of requirements which motivates human beings and shapes their personality. At the bottom of his pyramid are found the basic physiological motivations which are necessary for survival such as food and shelter. The next level incorporates the need for safety, both physical and psychological. This is followed by love and belongingness which relate to receiving and giving affection. Presuming the love need is met, the next level up is the need for esteem which includes the feeling of self-esteem and self-respect. At the top of the pyramid stands the complex need for self-actualization which is a meta-need as per Maslow (1964) and we can reach it through peak experiences. It is the highest level of growth when someone reached her or his capacity to the fullest. Maslow estimated that only 1 percent of people ever really fulfil this need (Maslow,
It is my intention in this essay to explore some issues around motivation and cite work based experiences to illustrate and substantiate any arguments or points of view.
Abraham Maslow wrote the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. This theory was based on fulfilling five basic needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization. Maslow believed that these needs could create internal pressures that could influence the behavior of a person. (Robbins, p.204)
Motivation is an important function in organizations to motivate their employees for their ability to perform well, improving their skills, increasing productivity, job satisfaction and employee extension. Employees also are not a machines that we could just program their task in their brain and they will do it automatically, they require motivation to actually do their job properly. And so, after discussing the process models of the Maslow’s “Hierarchy of needs”, Douglas McGregor theory X and Y, and also the Herzberg’s “two factor motivation hygiene theory.” understanding the ways of motivating people, the human nature, and the substance of nature. I believe that the true motivation can only come from within and also managers can actually motivate all of their employees.
The Hierarchy of needs theory, by Maslow, shows the basic and the advanced needs that the person should fulfill to reach his or her highest potential. That is why the theory is best depicted as a pyramid including seven stages. The first stage is physiological needs: water, body temperature, sleep, and sex. When one satisfies those needs, he or she can go to the next stage. Safety needs is the second stage. Here, the person is concerned about his safety and stability, so he tries to find a good job to support himself financially, and also find a good home in a safe place. The third stage is belongingness and love. To love and be loved and accepted becomes very important in this stage, so the person starts to worry about his relationships. Being accepted and loved will lead successfully to the fourth stage, which is esteem needs. In this level, the person is more concerned about achieving and gaining approval. Ones those needs are fulfilled, the cognitive needs come to be a priority. This fifth level is attained by seeking knowledge and explor...
Motivation, as defined in class, is the energy and commitment a person is prepared to dedicate to a task. In most of organisations, motivation is one of the most troublesome problems. Motivation is about the intensity, direction and persistence of reaching a goal. During the class, we have learned a substantial theories of motivation and many theories of motivations are used in real business. Each theory seems to have different basic values. But, they all have been analysed for one reason, recognising what motivates and increases the performance of employees. Ident...