Introduction to Human Motivation Mock Lesson
Motivation 327: Final Take Home Exam
Part 4
Angelina Leggieri
CUNY Hunter College New York
Lesson Plan: Introduction to Human Motivation
Learning Outcome: To be able to effectively identify and apply 8 major Theories of Human Motivation and Behavior and their subsets, to understanding why, how, and when behaviors are commenced, sustained, and terminated in daily life domains.
CONCENTRATION ON 8 MAJOR PHENOMENA AND THEORIES
I. The Motivated Brain: Introduction, Definition, and Types of Motivation
(A) Introduce and Define Motivation
1) Define and describe motivation with relation to Intrapsychic, instrumental, and interpersonal change
(B) Introduce and Describe Intrinsic Motivation
2) Define and describe Intrinsic Motivation and how it internally engages human behavior
(C) Introduce and Describe Extrinsic Motivation
3) Define and describe Extrinsic Motivation and the tree major types with respect to the initiation of behaviors
II. Specific Theories of Motivation and Emotion
(A) Introduce and Discuss Self-determination Theory
1) Identify and apply Self-Determination Theory and the three variations of SDT and how they apply in a wide range of life domains.
(B) Maslow’s Hierarchy Need Theory
2) Define and apply Maslow’s Hierarchy Need Theory and how growth and deficit needs affect motivation
III. Specific Phenomena of Motivation/ Biological Mechanisms
(A) Introduce and Describe Arousal Theory
1) Define and apply Arousal Theory and how biologically the levels of arousal delineate behavioral intensity in an individual
(B) Introduce and explain Achievement Striving
2) Explain how personal and social motivation play a role in goal attainment
(C) Introduce and Discuss G...
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... external motivator these factors still give energy and direction to particular behaviors. Processes such as these give insight to internal functions of bodily needs in relationship to motivation.
In conclusion, by implementing these eight phenomena and theories into their studies of motivation, one can effective identify and understand the various intentions consistent with behavior. Most importantly we have gained an understanding of general theoretical conceptualization, and specific phenomena that describe how motive gives reason and directive to behaviors. We have discussed how physiological and biological motives aid in the creation, support and cessation of behaviors. Ultimately concluding that in order to understand day-to-day life decisions and action we must examine all aspects of behavior and emotion through cognitive, social and emotional constructs.
With the Arousal Theory, this states that because peoples brain's work differently than others, things that stimulate, or interest one person may not be the same as someone else. People with lower arousals have a greater tendency to be criminally prone.
Factors influencing behavior can be intrinsic, extrinsic, self-determined, or non-self-determined.6 Non-self determined extrinsic motivators to change include those motivations attached to a negative consequence.6 In this case, someone obeys the speed limit to avoid getting a ticket. While this type of motivation can work, more meaningful and long-lasting change is usually elicited through the other motivators to change. Self-determined extrinsic motivators are reasons that are outside the individual, but valued by the individual.6 These types of motivators include, financial gain or social approval. Intrinsically motivated changes are those made for their inherent benefit or enjoyment.6 This involves behavior change such as taking up a new hobby as a means of entertainment. Any of these motivators can produce change, but any one of these may outweigh the other at a given time or place. Active change is ultimately precipitated by an alignment of one’s thoughts, feelings and beliefs about the change and its expected outcomes. Thoughts and feelings of self-efficacy, or the ability to change are necessary, as is an environment that supports this change. Without this, there may be a disharmony in one’s self that makes adhering to change
Many different motivation theories have been created and dissected over the past century in an attempt to understand human behaviour and answer the question: “what creates the force needed to do things we want to do?”
While motivational and job satisfaction theories can help employers or leaders to gauge what motivates their employees, it is impossible for them to be used to explain all motivating factors. By analyzing these theories, it is possible to understand their basic concepts, and see how they can be an advantage in motivating their employees to the best possible outcome for the
The author trusts that all humans have some level of motivation as long as they exist. In turn, there are several well-known classic approaches that consider motivation such as instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and humanistic approaches. It is beyond the scope of this paper to describe all in detail, but a brief synopsis of each follows: (1) Instinct approach theorists suggest that humans have many diverse instincts that are biologically determined and cause innate patterns of behaviors such as reproducing, territorial protection, curiosity, acquisition, and fight, flight or freeze to name a few (McDougall, 1908). (2) Drive-reduction theory proposes that individuals have needs that are essential for survival and this need cause a tension to act called a drive. These drives entail primary drives for physical needs such as water and food, and acquired drives realized through conditioning or experience such as the need for income or social acceptance; whereas, one must meet the need to reduce the drive to return to a state of homeostasis (Hull, 1943). (3) Theorists who support an Arousal approach believe that humans are motivated by stimulation and people develop an optimal level of stimulus tension; whereas, task performances may suffer if the level is too high such as severe test anxiety or even too low such as boredom
Deci and Ryan (1987) proposed that intrinsic motivation stems from drive-like human needs to be self-determining and competent, i.e., to be autonomous rather than externally-controlled. In concrete terms, an intrinsically motivated behaviour is that which appears to be spontaneously initiated by the person in pursuit of no other goal than the activity itself. According to Deci and Ryan, events that foster self-determination or competence will enhance or maintain intrinsic motivation, whereas events that weaken self-determination or competence will decrease intrinsic motivation.(1) Supporting research evidence shows that events that enhance self-perceived autonomous functioning produce increased intrinsic motivation for the target activity. The ability to make choices about how to pursue an activity, for example, has been shown to enhance or maintain intrinsic motivation (Enzle, Roggeveen, & Look, 1991; Zuckerman, Porac, Lathin, Smith, & Deci, 1978), as has positive performance feedback (e.g., Enzle & Ross, 1978; Vallerand & Reid, 1988). Externally-controlling events that are antagonistic to self-perceived autonomy, on the other hand, result in decreased intrinsic motivation and perceptions of external causality. Thus, task-contingent rewards (e.g., Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973), negative performance feedback (e.g., Enzle & Ross, 1978), and controlling forms of surveillance (e.g., Enzle & Anderson, 1993) have been shown to undermine intrinsic motivation.
Once stated by Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it.” The aforementioned ideology places an emphasis on an individual’s internal desires, rather than an outside/external force driving the individual’s consciousness (cognitive evaluation.) Therefore intrinsic motivation is one in which an individual 's own desire comes from within; a relentless and genuine passion for an intended goal. On the contrary, when an individual relies on external factors such as, a reward or any other form of external reinforcement, an extrinsic motivation is exhibited. Although society likes to stress the importance in pursuing an internal motivation, in today 's modern world, an extrinsic factor far outweighs an internal desire to accomplish an objective. As humans, we are too diverse in the way we think and develop, lending the mere classification of an internal motivation to become redundant. Furthermore, as
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum
Theories of Motivation What is the motivation for this? According to the text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things; this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves.
Intrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does for enjoyment of the activity itself. There is no external reward for these behaviors, and it is seen as a prototype for autonomous behaviors. Extrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does to illicit a direct consequence. In some cases, one might behave a certain way to avoid punishment, or alternatively, to receive a reward. Most people are extrinsically motivated to go to work every day. There are four different types of extrinsic motivation: External, introjected, identified, and integrated. For certain activities, Amotivation can occur, which usually has negative effects. This occurs when people’s needs aren’t being satisfied by whatever they are doing. Each of the types of motivation can be located on The Self-Determination
Furthermore, there are three theories which explain the different factors in how employees are motivated based on their needs. The first theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, was proved by Abraham Maslow in the years of 1943 and 1954 (McLeod, 2013). Maslow believed that society developed their motivations depending on their needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory in which five motivational needs( self-actualization,esteem, belongingness and love, safety, and psychological) are demonstrated in a hierarchy pyramid. The five motivational needs are divided into three categories(basic, psychological, and
Motivation and Emotion (pg. 354) both play an important part in our daily life. Motivation helps us understand why we do things a certain way or why our behaviors change unexpectedly. While emotion shows our relationships with others and our health, and making important decisions. Motivation comes from the latin word “movere” which means to move where one starts on activities until one's psychological needs are fulfilled. An example in the chapter is “when a person is relaxed in front of the television and begins to feel hungry, the physical need for food might cause the person to get up, go into the kitchen, and search for something to eat”(Ciccarelli). But, there are two different types of motivation, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. In
Benabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2003) Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation', The Review of Economic Studies, vol.70, pg.489-520.
Motivation and emotion are usually viewed as two psychological features that seemingly share cause-and-effect relationship. We often see motivation as something that stimulates a person to act and behave to achieve a desired goal, while emotion is the feelings that emerge from the motive or drive itself, from the actions caused by the motive and from the achievement or failure of the desired goal. However. Motivation has been defined in different ways over the years, but a common component of the different definitions is that motivation is a force that energizes, activates and directs behaviour. In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the “arousal, direction and persistence of a person’s behaviour”. Motivation has been defined in various ways
The layman’s view of motivation is defined has the action whereby one is given a reason or purpose to complete an objective with more zeal. This in itself is not something new, but rather a method that has been applied for an immeasurable number years, possibly before it was even defined, classified