The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market
The main aims of this research are to acquire an understanding of the conditions of the art market and to develop a critical knowledge of the commercial art world and the relevant international market.
The idea that the international art market is a regulator in the post academy art world has implications on the formation of prices and values in the art market, due to the macroeconomic reality, political and cultural changes of this period.
Throughout the nineteenth century, the Académie des Beaux-Arts continued to produce many important artists. It lost its power only at the turn of the century when it failed to acknowledge radical styles such as Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. The downfall of academic art also was hastened by economic changes in the art market, which included the growth of independent exhibitions and the development of private sales galleries.
Over these years, the unsettled system of financial market which the art market became part of has evolved into a greater conscience of the complex behaviour of the individual in his
The commercial market economy has been favourable for the development of the arts.
Therefore, the market limits the supply of art and antiques studying the consumer economic preference.
Hence, market segmentation, division of labour and specialisation caused a division between high and low culture, and separate good art from junk art.
In this way, the art market should select the talented artists in a free and wealthy society that allows a very large number of artists to have more opportunities becoming financially independent and to acquire artistic freedom.
Although, the role played by the dealer in the market, as cultural entrepreneur, is important for maintain the value of the product.
In this instance, how best the international art market can be organized, what is the best way to balance the supply of art and what is the market's purpose through the dissociation of good art from junk art. The market must restrict the supply of art and antiques selecting the talented artists, good art, thereafter raising the relative value of a work of art.
Therefore and based on this statement, this essay will consider arguments for the market as the regulator of the supply of art and point out some of the problems with this market's function
«What is ...
... middle of paper ...
...Priceless: Art, Artists and Economics.
(New York: Basic)
HEILBRUN, J. and GRAY, C.M., 1993. The Economics of Art and Culture,
An American Perspective (Cambridge University Press)
JEFFRI, J., 1983. Arts Money, Raising it, Saving it and Earning it
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press)
OWEN, V.L., 1979. "The Effects of Mass Markets on Artistic Quality",
Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.3, no2
REITLINGER, G., 1961. The Economics of Taste, vol I, The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices, 1760-1960 (Holt: Rhinehart & Winston)
ROBERTSON, I.A., 2000. The Emerging Art Markets of Great China
1989-1999 (London: City University)
SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge Printers)
SINGER, L.P., 1988. "Phenomenology and Economics of Art Markets: An
Art Historical Perspective", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.12, no1 STEIN, J.P., 1977. "The Monetary Appreciation of Paintings". The
Journal of Political Economy, vol.85-5.
THROSBY, D., 2001. Economics and Culture (New York: Cambridge
University Press)
Web Sites:
www.artprice.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge printers)
p.13.
Holden is like most teenagers: he’s trying to find his place in society without having any sort of direction. One of the main reasons this is hard for Holden is because he doesn’t have any role models and is misguided. His brother D.B. lives all the way in Hollywood “being a prostitute” (Salinger 2) and he resents his parents. Everyone around him seems to be “phonies “and Holden is continuously trying to be different but notices that the lifestyle he wants just doesn’t fit in the world he lives in . He constantly rejects certain ways of living but can’t seem to find the purpose for his own and because of this he criticizes the life of the...
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) invaded the corporate world over the last few decades. This concept has become an essential need for competitive advantage unlike its original role as a nicety. The companies have seen the business benefit of the initiative and stakeholders have appreciated the initiative. This has led to the wide application in the firm’s operational agenda.
Holden was constantly wallowed in self-pity, hatred, and regrets he had no way of moving on from his past. He counted on Allie even when he was no longer there, “Allie don’t let me disappear” (Salinger). His hope would only diminish every time he would fail again or notice another flaw in the world. Even though he had several opportunities to change his life around he treated each one the same as before, and then was disgraced when he only grew more depressed. This is one of the reasons there is so much controversy surrounding this novel on whether schools should read it, as stated by this critic, “some people complained that the novel’s language was crude and obscene” (Moss and Wilson). Holden is overly pessimistic that for many there is little inspiration in the novel. Readers do not want to act like the main character for the fact they will become alienated from society as well. “The irony, of course, is that Holden himself has already been contaminated by the world he despises” (Rholetter). Holden had so many people who wanted to watch him succeed, however he failed to notice any of them. He had animosity towards others for trying to help him yet at the same time he felt the same way towards the world when he failed once again. There is only so much a person can be helped when they are not willing to be helped. “It made me feel sad as hell-I don’t know
Holden doesn’t like the complexity of life and relationships. This is why he distances himself from his family and friends. After Holden is expelled from his school, he tries to stay away from his parents for fear of their reaction, even though learning of his expulsion is inevitable. He visits his sister Phoebe in their home multiple times throughout the novel because due to her young age, his sister and his relationship is simple. "For instance, within Holden, the desire to reject others conflicts with the desire to be accepted by others: he doesn't want to lend Stradlater his coat, but his overt actions belie this covert, warring want: he despises Ackley, but he invites him to see a movie; he hates movies, believing them to foster phoniness in society” (Mitchell). Holden struggles to “catch” others because he believes he is not accepted by others.
He was the main author of the declaration of independence. Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, implemented free public education, served as the first Secretary of State of US, and made the Louisiana Purchase. However, some Jefferson´s actions as president were not consistent with some statements he made previously. In some situations his behavior was contradictory. Jefferson had democratic and elitist values. He defended limited government and a strict constitutionalism, but as president he extended central power without explicit authority. He insisted that freedom of the press was the best form of government control but was very sensitive to criticism and encouraged prosecution of journalists for publishing facts he said were falsehoods and insults. He proclaimed the natural rights of man but owned many slaves in his
In the article “Conditions of Trade,” Michael Baxandall explains that fifteenth-century Italian art is a “deposit” resulting from the commercial interaction between the artist and the purchaser, who he refers to as a client. These works, as such, are “fossils of economic life,” and money, and they play an important role in the history of art. In our current perception of the relationship between the artist and art, “painters paint what they think is best, and then look around for a buyer” . However in the past, especially during the Renaissance period, the customers determined the content and form of paintings, as it was them who commissioned the work before it was created. He states that the artists and clients were interconnected and a legal agreement was drawn up specifying subject matter, payment scheme and the quality and quantity of colors, which would influence the artist’s painting style. Baxandall not only looks at the explanation of the style of painting that reflects a society, but also engages in the visual skills and habits that develop out of daily life. The author examines the situations between the painter and client within the commercial, religious, perceptual, and social institutions, centrally focusing on markets, materials, visual practices, and the concept of the Renaissance period, which saw art as an institution. Baxandall notes that Renaissance paintings also relate to the clients’ motives through such ways as possession, self-commemoration, civic consciousness, and self-advertisement. The author considers works of a wide variety of artistic painters, for instance, Filippo Lippi, Fra Angelico, Stefano di Giovanni, Sandro Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, and numerous others. He defines and exemplifies fiftee...
Burke and Logsdon (1996) focus on strategic CSR by outlining five dimensions: centrality, specificity, proactivity, voluntarism and visibility. They define centrality by measuring how close a firm’s CSR fits with its mission. They propose this measurement can supply both feedback and direction for the company’s future. A firm’s specificity measures the ability of the firm to absorb the benefit...
Thesis: The French Revolution transformed not only the French society, but also had a huge influence and marked impact on what the purposes of the arts and their expression were now, making profound changes in what they would supposed to be used for, in the form of the Neoclassic works of art that made their appearance prior to the French Revolution, in which very special emphasis is given to the patriotic, the nationalist feeling, together with a strong sense of self-sacrifice that should be present in every person’s heart.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is similar to an individual’s social responsibility. An individual who is socially responsible is aware of how their decisions affect the environment. Corporate social responsibility can be define as “how well a company meets its economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities” (Peter & Sarah, p. 51). Corporate social responsibility holds businesses accountable to stakeholders such as consumers, in areas of concern such as environmental factors, community and society in general. As a result successful CSR initiatives creates a sustainable company in all ways: financially, ethically, environmentally, and socially. The moral problem with CSR is based on the belief that “CSR would be a cost that would be higher than the perceived benefits. By financially supporting “charity” based initiatives, firms are not performing their fiduciary duty to their stockholders” (Peter & Sarah, p. 49).
Virakul, B., Koonmee, K. and McLean, G., 2009. CSR activities in award-winning Thai companies. Social responsibility journal, 5(2), pp.178--199.
Responding to the external stakeholder’s has its benefits. Public attention to company’s CSR has its business advantages. The external stakeholder perception of a company’s external performance, its finances, the qual...
Pop art began in the 1950s. Pop art start getting popular in the 1960s in the United Kingdom. It became a true art movement in New York. It all began in New York with a few popular artist by the names of Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein. The major thing that started the whole pop art was the Campbell’s soup. The Campbell’s soup was big hit starting in 1962. Warhol got more into the artwork when his mother said that he would be a good artist. He got more into when his mother told him should go off to collge.
A corporations CSR should be shaped in order to fit the goals of the corporation, although every corporation’s CSR should differ, since most have different goals and different communities behind them. The CSR should be molded into fitting the corporation’s goals in order to make it easier on the corporation in giving back to the community while achieving its goals. For example, a corporation located in a desert wishes to be more efficient, by reducing water usage it is not only creating lower costs, which result in higher revenue, but also helps the community by not taking up so much water. Taking this into consideration, it is critical that the corporation goals and values are established and clear throughout the corporation, they should be developed by the board or directors and CEO, and the highest managerial level should stress their importance to the rest of the corporation. By making the goals and values at the top branch of the corporate hierarchy, it will be simpler for the corporates community to develop in order to nurture those goals and values. Therefore, a corporation can reach the “shared-value,” a value for both its shareholders and community in a simpler manner that can result benefiting the corporation in the end as well. Throughout the article many examples are given of actual corporations that have benefited and changed their CSR in order to fit their goals, therefore, providing solid proof that these methods work. Nevertheless, as acknowledged by the author’s themselves, most of the corporations taken into consideration where one’s that Harvard CSR students were employed
“Corporations today are under a microscope. Virtually every aspect of operations is subject to scrutiny by consumers.” According to Ogilvy, If CSR issues are managed well, there will be opportunities for a company to build its reputation and differentiate itself. In today’s society, what you stand for as an organization matters way more than what you produce, sell or what services you provide.
It is important to understand the importance of corporate social responsibilities. If Corporate Social Responsibility is properly maintained and emphasized by companies, it can benefit the society, economy and corporate sustainability. It can also be cost efficient to companies. also the environment . But above all effect (CSR) varies companies to companies. Where some corporates seem to make all sorts of benefits from their coporate social responsibilities but few of them are also having loss by trying to maintain CSR without properly evaluating their resources. (Porter and Kramer 2006) has said The inferences where corporates need to evaluate their CSR actions to figure out if they add