Abstract:
For Many years it has been a common practice for doctors to use forms of natural substances to provide relief of medical issues. Some Clinical studies are being conducted to determine if plant extracts containing proteolytic enzymes can be very useful in a therapeutic manner in response to cancer, and in recent times the use of other enzymes such as pancreatic enzymes have been common in the clinical trials of systemic enzyme therapy in oncology. The method of using enzyme therapy in the treatment of cancer can perhaps greatly lessen the harmful effects that other more conventional treatments such as Chemotherapy and radiation have had on patients such as these both have been known to lack selectivity in attacking the cancer cells and tumors. (Schepelmann) This harmful effect also in response the chemotherapy and radiation’s inability to work efficiently has greatly affects the normal tissue in the body, by damaging the normal tissue. The question is how does enzyme therapy work and in clinical trials how effective has the enzyme therapy been on the cancer in improving not only the quality of life of the patient but also the longevity of the patients life.
Introduction:
Dr. John Beard in 1906 proposed that enzyme therapy could be used in the treatment of cancer, this aroused some controversy in the world of medicine, however, Dr. Beard’s theory is now being put into practice and is a method used by many. (Beard)
The enzyme therapy consists of the extraction and administration of the enzymes to the patients. (Gonzalez) The enzymes are extracted from the plants and are transformed into medicine such as fluorouracil, vinblastine, and cyclophosphamide. (Leipner) These are enemas, which are coated tablets. These are...
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...ce to systemic Therapy in patients with
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Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
2. Cytokines in Cancer Therapy. Francis R. Balkwill. Oxford University Press, NY, 1989. pp 1-8.
Introduction: According to the textbook Biology Life on Earth with Physiology 10th edition enzymes are biological catalysts that are made of protein, and they speed up the rate of a specific biological reaction. (Audsirk, Audsirk, and Byers 100-105) and chemical reaction rates go up without changing the chemical equilibrium between reactants and products. (Cooper, 2000). All enzymes have a pocket, which is called an Active Site where reactants, which are called substrates, were substrates could enter. (Audsirk, Audsirk, and Byers 100-105) Enzymes regulate both exergonic and endergonic reactions, and enzymes are found in almost all cells (Audsirk, Audsirk, and Byers 100-105). Enzymes are regulated by three different regulations; Allosteric Enzyme Regulation, Competitive Inhibition, and Competitive Inhibition. (Audsirk, Audsirk, and Byers 100-105). In Allosteric Enzyme Regulation a molecule that is inhibited causes an active site to change shape. In Competitive Inhibition the enzyme and substrate are binding normally, and in noncompetitive inhibition a substrate imposter ...
Pancreatic enzyme supplements are typically required in patients that do not respond to the aforemenionted conservative measures. These agents contain enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and protease. They are important because they may reduce abdominal pain and the risk of malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies. The most commonly prescribed therapies include:
When chemical reactions occur in the body, enzymes are used to speed up the reactions and lower the energy of activation. The rate of reactions is increased due to the complex that is established by the enzyme and the substrate. This complex that forms between the two inhibit movement respective of the two and arranges the reactive groups of the substrates next to each other (1). Enzymes allow chemical equilibrium is able to be maintained throughout the reaction and are not consumed, while accelerating the reaction (2,3). Active sites on the enzymes are where the substrates bind, and the sites are specific to the substrate (2,3). The protein that makes up the enzyme has a particular shape, due to secondary and tertiary structures,
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).
Enzymes are biological molecules that are a catalyst for chemical reactions within cells, they are made out of large proteins. Without enzymes these chemical reactions would still happen but not at a perceptual rate or one that supports life. “Enzymes
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
“Since 1990, over 6 million Americans have died of cancer, more than the combined casualties from the Civil war, WWII, and the Vietnam and Korean conflicts combined” (Faguet, p. 5). According to American Cancer Society projections, there were 1,529,560 new cases of cancer in 2010. Cancer is becoming more and more common around the world. New cancers are constantly being discovered. Researchers are finding new ways to detect cancer and treat it so that the fatality rate does not rise. However, there are some cancers that researchers have not yet discovered a cure for. It is very important for Cancer Research to continue so that one day these cancers will no longer be a treat.
The present traditional approach to cancer treatment is experimental and sometimes inefficient as the same medication and therapies are used for all. In fact, tumor heterogeneity allows the distinct populations of cells exist in one tumor due to multiple mutations. These cells exhibit different levels of metabolism, gene expression, proliferation ability and metastatic potential which allow cells to develop resistance to a drug commonly used to treat cancer. Very often patients develop treatment-related toxicity when the treatment was selected inappropriately to the severity of cancer. As a result, some patients with severe progression of the disease may be undertreated and some who experiences latent stages may be overtreated. Therefore, molecular understanding of cancer enabled by progressive development in gene sequencing, targeted therapies and molecular diagnosis should increase the potential of personalized cancer treatment to replace the traditional
Photoactivatable prodrugs are a novel method of drug administration because they enter the body in an inactive state before becoming metabolized to an active state. To prevent detrimental side effects caused by certain cancer treatments, photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) are used to cage the drug, allowing for temporal and spatial control over administration. This control is essential when the goal of the drug is to inhibit a gene. This leads to the question: what are the advantages and effectiveness of photoactivatable prodrugs with respect to cancer?
Almost everyone is touched by cancer in some way and the number of people living with and beyond cancer grows greater every year. Globally 14 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year and 8 million people will die from it annually. Half of all men and one-third of all women will develop cancer during their lifetime. (13) There are many treatments for cancer, mainly: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These traditional treatments have many negative side effects. Therefore, increasingly, other treatments, such as hormonal therapy and targeted therapy are being used for certain cancers. Nanotechnology is a form of targeted therapy that destroys cancer tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissues and organs. Scientists are already using nanotechnology in early detection of elimination of cancer cells before they form tumors. But the real game changer will be when nanotechnology targets cancer tumors in treatment (11,13).
First, the researchers began with a trial run of the catalase reaction at the initial substrate concentration, without inhibitors present, and at room temperature. Then each environmental factor was isolated and tested independently of one another to determine how each factor was altering the performance of the catalase. The purpose of the research method was to be able to determine at which substrate concentration did catalase catalyze the reaction the best, then with or without inhibitors did catalase catalyze the reaction the quickest, and finally at which temperature did catalase perform optimally. The role of the enzyme catalase is to prevent cell damage by removing hydrogen peroxide from the cell and therefore it is crucial to determine how the enzyme functions and understand the environment that allows catalase to perform its role in the cell sufficiently. (Koral Tasci, S et al.)
Enzymes are protein molecules that are made by organisms to catalyze reactions. Typically, enzymes speeds up the rate of the reaction within cells. Enzymes are primarily important to living organisms because it helps with metabolism and the digestive system. For example, enzymes can break larger molecules into smaller molecules to help the body absorb the smaller pieces faster. In addition, some enzyme molecules bind molecules together. However, the initial purpose of the enzyme is to speed up reactions for a certain reason because they are “highly selective catalysts” (Castro J. 2014). In other words, an enzyme is a catalyst, which is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without undergoing changes. Moreover, enzymes work with
... basis of nitrogen mustard. Theoritically, by treating the patient with poison, it will destroy all types of cells. Then hopefully, once the body is wiped clean, it will be able to recover without any trace of the disease. When this type of treatment is the main standard of fighting cancer, it is understandable that many turn to complementary and alternative medicines, including dietary supplements, natural products, or mind and body practices. Cancer patients will go to extreme lengths to fight the disease, control its symptoms, and to suppress the side effects of the treatment. Although chemotherapy does put patients at risk of harmful side effects, it and the other conventional methods produce a better outcome of remission than alternative medicines alone. Patients should be advised to consult with oncologist about a combination of treatments for best results.