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what is the diffrence between optimism an pessimism
Compare and contrast optimism and pessimism
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The epistemic threat of human rationality emphasizes the existence of the shoddy software hypothesis, yet the optimistic look on humanity about situational rationality exists to counter it. However, I will argue that despite the optimistic view humans are not rational due to the conditions that are deemed necessary for human rationality.] The heuristics and biases research towards human rationality expresses that humans are not rational because completely arbitrary factors influence an individual’s reasoning. Humans are unable to avoid a significant flaw in the rationality system which is known as invisible contamination. This exists as a problem because arbitrary or irrational factors influence human reasoning without the possibility of …show more content…
Since such arbitrary factors influence and individual’s reasoning it should not be thought that the human judgement is not trustworthy. Therefore, a human’s rationality lies within the trustworthiness of the judgement and since it cannot be trusted humans are irrational. While the thought that humans ought to be able to recognize this shortcoming exists, it does not matter because the individual functions on a dysfunctional system. This idea is known as the shoddy software hypothesis, which focuses on the idea that the average mind works with certain heuristics, but not with others. The mind functions in a certain way to produce rational decisions, however it is extremely limited with this hypothesis. This is because the mind can only function rationally in certain conditions rather than all conditions showing that humans are fallible and irrational. Humans make errors systematically and repeatedly because of the shoddy software. This shoddy software is like working on a broken computer, a functioning computer can take one form of input and produce the right answer, however as the …show more content…
We should not think that human beings are rational. As given in the pessimistic view, humans make decisions based on completely arbitrary concepts that do not matter and further more they may not be aware of, and in no circumstance could that be considered rational. This is because one ought not to be persuaded by irrelevant ideas or concepts. With Gigerenzer and Todd’s research the idea that humans are functional under circumstances should be considered void. Human rationality does not exist as something that one can turn on and off. If humans are rational, we should be able to function rationally under all circumstances, not just those that are more familiar to us. Given Gigerenzer and Todd’s argument that humans can function under certain light does not claim that humans are rational under all circumstances only emphasizes that humans are not rational. Furthermore, in the sense that we are not able to consider rational in the first experience of it we, humans, should be able to learn and fix what we were unable to do before, to prove our rationality. However, shown by the wason selection task, despite taking the test multiple times many people still do not improve on their answer. We have the ability to recognize the task, but not the capacity to adapt, therefore humans should not be considered rational. Humans must be rational under all circumstances to
The process of making a decision previously held two paths, rational and irrational, with rational having the mind at work to think about what were the choices and irrational with no really engagement. Anything beyond that process of thought was not taken until the topic of System 1 and System 2 along with effects of “Relativity” were expressed in Thinking Fast and Slow, by Kahnemna and Predictably Irrational by Ariely, respectfully. Along with the other readings, the process of our decision making were no longer solely based on two very simplified and underdeveloped ideas, but as series of network and systems of decisions the minds functions through.
Due to the unique nature of the intelligence field, error of judgments can (and has) had catastrophic consequences. These errors are a result of complex decision making processes involved in the generation of intelligence products, affected by not only training and expertise, but by cognitive factors, particularly bias. The aim of this paper is to identify two different models of decision making (bounded rationality and intuitive decision making), the biases found in both models that affect the final intelligence product, and how these biases can be mitigated in order to avoid intelligence failures or minimise their impact.
In this article Berry stresses on what good solutions are especially when dealing with a particular community. I used this in order to differentiate between “good” and “bad” rationality.
Probably one of the biggest economic debates is rationality. Whether a decision is rational or irrational. If I were to make a rational decision, it would most benefit me over all of the other choices I could have chosen from. This is how Professor Henry Spearman solves the case of the murder. All of the suspects are proven guilty or innocent based off of the decisions they make. If it is a rational decision, then the suspect is thought of as innocent. If it is an irrational decision, then the suspect is thought of as
The second example of when this case study involves the rational choice perspective is when Danny lied to Laura about having the job at GM. Danny used his rational thinking that if he told Laura he had a good job, that she would stay with Danny. Danny was desperate at this point and attempted to make Laura and the children stay. In his mind, he had to lie in order to gain his reward. He believed that the benefit of him saying he had a job would make his marriage
Rather we often rely on system one to make choices and ergo we make mistakes. Additionally there is an informational asymmetry, where we have less knowledge than others. Because of this lack of information we can not always make the best choice. We can also be influenced to make negative choices, without thinking them through. For example, consider a high school party. At this party everyone is doing drugs and drinking alcohol. If they were truly logical beings, they would have realized these things are bad for their future. Yet because of the pressure to do these things, and all the influences we see on the media they are all
Research in rational inference in social-learning began with the work of Abhijit V. Banerjee[5], Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer, and Ivo Welch[6]. In the basic setting of the model, rational agents end up herding. This characteristic is a feature of even more general settings and can be rationaled by the following argument: Given a finite action space and a finite and imperfect signal space, rational agents eventually "heard" as a consequence of "Information cascade", while ignoring their own signal, each person imitates others' behavior[7]:221. Though much of the basic logic regarding the proportion of private information and the proportion of information revealed by others' actions is well predicted by the model, it does have some core implications that seem unrealistic. Among its unrealistic statements is the claim that the agents have a level of sophistication that allows them to predict very unlikely behavior.
However, Carr and Turkle both agree that technology has done good, but it has come at the cost of our ability to think critically. In the two articles, both authors heavily emphasize the negative effects of computer technology on how it is diminishing human cognition and the ability to process information.
When enjoying the benefits being brought, it is also vital that people should not be distracted away from the dangers behind the progressive rationality. Ritzer (2005) noted that, 'We are ultimately concerned with the irrational consequences flow from rational systems. And this can be termed as 'the irrationality of rationality'.' Several negative effects of rationalization were discussed. For instance, predictability is highly wanted as people not expecting surprises. They get limited menu to choose from to reduce uncertainty when entering a fast food restaurant to. Whatever food consumed are mostly indistinguishable from one chain store to another.
This article is centered on the idea of heuristics, or the mental shortcuts people will take when formulating a decision on how to make sense of the social world. In the article, Thomas Gilovich studies the ways in which the cognitive strategies of heuristics can cloud judgment in everyday situations. The systematic biases are the “compared to what” problem, the “seek and ye shall find” problem and the selective memory problem. The “compared to what” problem states people tend to believe in statistics that cannot be properly measured without using a relevant reference point or baseline for comparison. Gilovich refers to a 1986 in Discover magazine that points out how useless a statistic gathered from survivors of fatal airline accidents are
Rational choice theorist says that social emotions such as guilt, shame, and anxiety are feelings or thoughts that prevent us from doing things and giving in to our temptations. These social cues helps us to place boundaries on what is right and what is wrong and what the outcome of negative delinquent behaviors may be. Not everyone has the same idea of what behavior is rational versus
Motivational biases suggest that our rationality has a self-serving bias to favour judgments which we think suit us. However we are still trying to be rational and logical in our decision making.
“I feel there are two people inside me – me and my intuition. If I go against her, she'll screw me every time, and if I follow her, we get along quite nicely” (Kim Basinger). Many of us have often found ourselves thinking like Kim Basinger, our intuition play a fundamental role in decision-making and mostly, whenever we find ourselves analyzing human behaviour; to include ourselves and others. However, is it accurate to say that using our intuition about everyday behaviour is sufficient for a complete understanding of the causes of behaviour? Certainly not! Understanding the implications of behaviour exceed mere ‘gut feeling’, as it is distorted by our perceptions, cognitions and experiences.
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance which represents the ultimate review of the specification design and coding. It includes verification of the basic logic of every program and the entire system works properly. Testing individual program involves and attempts to be sure that most likely part properly. Programmer facilities testing by coding as clearly as possible. Test case design is done a set of techniques for the creation of cases that meet overall testing objectives.
Western cultures generally conform to a theory of rationality in explaining causation and finding the truth. This theory is based upon logical deduction and that leads consequently to the inference that only causal explanation for events are empiricist in nature (Coetzee & Roux, 2002:162).