Earth is the third planet from the sun and the densest planet in our Milky Way Galaxie. Earth has a radius of 3,959 miles and the age of 4.54 billion years. The distance from the earth to the sun has shown to be approximately 92,960,000 miles. The Earth is divided into several layers which have a variety of chemical and seismic properties (depths in km):
0-40 Crust
40-400 Upper mantle
400-650 Transition region
650-2700 Lower mantle
2700-2890 D" layer
2890-5150 Outer core
5150-6378 Inner Core The crust varies in thickness throughout earth. It is thinner under oceans and usually thicker under continents. The inner core and crust are solid while the outer core and mantle layers are semi-fluid. The core is probably composed mostly of iron. Temperatures
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Gravity collapsed the matter, forming the sun in the center of the nebula. As the sun came to be, the rest of the material began to clump up and small particles came together and became into bigger and better particles. Solar wind took light elements such as hydrogen and helium, and only left rocky materials such as earth. The solar winds led the rest of the materials to become into gas giants. This also led to asteroids, comets, planets, and moons to be created. Earths rocky core was made first with dense elements binded together. As dense material went to the middle, the lighter material was then made into the crust. Eventually, earths magnetic field was made and gravity took light elements. As Earth was evolving, earth was impacted by a large mass that made pieces of the planets mantle go into space. Gravity made it possible for these pieces to form the moon. The mantle under the crust caused plate tectonics and the movement of the large plates on the surface of earth. Such impacts and a lot of friction made mountains and volcanoes possible, which then began to throw gasses into the atmosphere. The planet was in a state where liquid water neither freezes nor evaporates but can remain as a liquid, the water remained at the surface, which was the key role in the development of life. According to a new theory, disk instability, clumps of dust and gas collided together early in life. Over …show more content…
These planets can be made rapidly, sometimes in as much as a thousand years, which allowed them to trap lighter gases. They also quickly reached a stabilizing mass that keep them from going into the sun. Disk instability describes the process by which a massive disk rapidly cools and making it planet sized. This requires no direct interactions
in circumference. The outer few miles of lithosphere is made up of rock called crust.
I’d first like to discuss the four closest planets to the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, also known as terrestrial planets. These planets are different from Jovian planets, mostly because of their solid surfaces. However, these are not the only explanations for the distinctions between the Jovian and Terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets have few moons, no rings surrounding the planets, high densities, and usually slow rotations. These planets are special because of their heavy metal core, which explains their high densities. When it comes to topography, these planets are known for having valleys and craters, which make them different from the gaseous Jovian planets. The atmospheres of the four terrestrial planets range from very thick atmospheres to very thing atmospheres. Throughout this paper, I will go more in-depth into each of these planets and what makes each one of them
In the beginning of the creation of Earth volcanoes erupted all over the planet. During this period there was a time where a brief cooling period was allowed to take place. When this period took place evaporation caused a downpour of rain which flooded the ocean creating the ocean. At the time that ocean was averaged at 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Around this same time an asteroid so powerful hit the Earth knocking off a large chunk of it. This chunk became the moon which at the time was twice as close as it is today. The hitting of the planet Earth cause such a shake that many new undersea volcanoes began spewing forth molten rock and gasses. These gasses and other particles formed on the oceans surface and with the moon being so close were smashed together by strong and violent waves.
Earths crust ranges from 5 to 70 km in depth. The thinnest parts are the oceanic crust made of dense iron magnesium silicate rocks and underlie the ocean basins. The thicker crust is continental crust, composed of sodium potassium aluminum silicate rocks. The crust varies from 0 to 35 km or 5 to 70km.
All planets orbit within 3 of the plane of the ecliptic. In addition, all planets also orbit in a prograde orbit which means they all orbit in the same direction. There is a total of four terrestrial planets and 5 Jovian planets. A terrestrial planet is a rocky planet that is composed of rocks or metals. For example, Mercury, Venus earth, and Mars are examples of terrestrial planets because they are small rocky and contain an atmosphere. Earth and Mars, for instance, has a thin atmosphere whereas Venus has a hot thick atmosphere. Jovian planets are the giant planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto all have big gasses and many moons. Jupiter, for instance, is a big gas ball mad up of the elements Hydrogen and Helium. All five planets also have rings which mean the planet has a disc orbiting around the
The earth’s surface and the mantle make up the composition of the tectonic plates. This layer, called the lithosphere, rests on top of the asthenosphere, a layer of molten rock. The asthenosphere is constantly moving and flowing due to the extreme pressures...
Solar nebula is a rotating flattened disk of gas and dust in which the outer part of the disk became planets while the center bulge part became the sun. Its inner part is hot, which is heated by a young sun and due to the impact of the gas falling on the disk during its collapse. However, the outer part is cold and far below the freezing point of water. In the solar nebula, the process of condensation occurs after enough cooling of solar nebula and results in the formation into a disk. Condensation is a process of cooling the gas and its molecules stick together to form liquid or solid particles. Therefore, condensation is the change from gas to liquid. In this process, the gas must cool below a critical temperature. Accretion is the process in which the tiny condensed particles from the nebula begin to stick together to form bigger pieces. Solar nebular theory explains the formation of the solar system. In the solar nebula, tiny grains stuck together and created bigger grains that grew into clumps, possibly held together by electrical forces similar to those that make lint stick to your clothes. Subsequent collisions, if not too violent, allowed these smaller particles to grow into objects ranging in size from millimeters to kilometers. These larger objects are called planetesimals. As planetesimals moved within the disk and collide with one another, planets formed. Because astronomers have no direct way to observe how the Solar System formed, they rely heavily on computer simulations to study that remote time. Computer simulations try to solve Newton’s laws of motion for the complex mix of dust and gas that we believe made up the solar nebula. Merging of the planetesimals increased their mass and thus their gravitational attraction. That, in turn, helped them grow even more massive by drawing planetesimals into clumps or rings around the sun. The process of planets building undergoes consumption of most of the planetesimals. Some survived planetesimals form small moons, asteroids, and comets. The leftover Rocky planetesimals that remained between Jupiter and Mars were stirred by Jupiter’s gravitational force. Therefore, these Rocky planetesimals are unable to assemble into a planet. These planetesimals are known as asteroids. Formation of solar system is explained by solar nebular theory. A rotating flat disk with center bulge is the solar nebula. The outer part of the disk becomes planets and the center bulge becomes the sun.
The Sun is a huge, bright sphere that is mostly made up of gas that is about 5 billion years old. The Sun is the closest to the Earth, it is 145 million km distant (this distance is called an Astronomical Unit). The next closest star is 300,000 times further away. There are probably millions of similar stars in the Milky Way galaxy (and even more galaxies in the Universe), but the Sun is the most important to us because it supports life on Earth.
Research News Planetary Scientists are Seeing the Unseeable Richard A. Kerr Science, New Series, Vol. 235, No. 2 -. 4784. The. Jan. 2, 1987, pp. 113-117. 29-31. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Stable URL:
There are five basic theories in the formation of our moon. The first is the "fission theory" which states that the moon was once a part of earth, but separated a long time ago. The second theory is called the "capture theory". This theory is says that the moon formed somewhere else, and was "captured" by earths gravitational pull. The third theory is called the "condensation theory" this theory states that the moon and earth were condemned together from the original nebula that formed our solar system. The fourth theory called the "Colliding Planetesimals Theory" states that the interaction between the earth orbiting the sun, and the sun orbiting planetesimals, which are large Astroid like rocks, led to the breakup and formation of our moon from the debris of these planetesimals. The fifth and final theory is called ...
Core/Interior: The Earth has three layers to it's interior, the inner core, outer core, and mantle. Of these the outer core is thought to be liquid. Like most of the terrestrial planets at birth, the Earth has been molten and undergone some differentiation allowing the heavy material which is consisting mostly of an iron, nickel, and cobalt core making it's density five and a half times the density of water.
Earth was formed 4.8 billion years ago (3) . It became the home for hazelnuts because it had an atmosphere and environment which allowed for life to prosper in later years. Earth’s surface was once composed of a single landmass, known as Pangaea (1).Over time it was broken up into seven different plates which were free to move as a result of movements in the hot, semi-liquid magma beneath the...
Pluto is located 7.5 billion kilometers from Earth and is only over 2,000 km in diameter. Pluto has been labeled both a planet and a dwarf planet over the years. As said by USA Today, “a planet is a celestial body that: is in orbit around the sun, is round or nearly round, and has "cleared the neighborhood" around its orbit, meaning it is not surrounded by objects of similar size and characteristics.” Pluto only follows two of the three rules of a planet. Pluto crosses over Neptune’s orbit and is near other dwarf planets like it. Even though it breaks one rule it was officially named a dwarf planet in “August 2006”, as stated by the Library of Congress. After this event Pluto still only has one correct classification. Pluto is a planet because
Venus, the second planet closest to the Sun and Earth’s closest neighbor, is known for its many wonders and harsh conditions. Venus is possibly the first planet discovered by humans and is said to have been first discovered in 17 B.C. by Babylonian astronomers. Venus is the first planet to be explored by spacecraft although many of these attempts have proven unsuccessful. Fortunately, more than twenty of the spacecraft explorations been proven successful, and through those we have gained knowledge about this wonder of the night sky.
The interior structure of the earth is made up of crust, the mantle and core (inner core and outer core). Earthquakes occur on the crust. Crust forms the external layer of the earth surface. On the crust, the plate tectonics forces are in charge of causing the abrupt earth movements. Due to the existence of an immense temperature and concurrent pressure difference in the outer layer and inner layer of the earth, convection currents occur at the mantle. This energy results from overwhelming decomposition of radioactive substances contained by the rocks found at the interior of the earth. The developed convection currents lead to movement of lava; cold lava finds its way to the interior of the earth crust, while the molten lava which is generally hot, leaves the interior of the earth to the outside of the earth crust. These kinds of circulations occur at different locations of the earth surface and consequently results in segmentation of the earth due to movement in different directions.