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Chemistry and function of lipid
Structure and significance of lipids
Structure and significance of lipids
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Lipid A is considered as the hydrophobic lipid moiety of the LPS molecule. Lipid A is basically phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide with many fatty acids attached to it. This portion of the LPS is responsible for its endotoxic activity (Rietschel et al., 1982). Lipid A is the agent capable of inducing various endotoxic reactions such as fever, Shwartzman reaction, activation of immune cells, lethal toxicity etc (Galanos et al 1985; Rietschel et al, 1987). Lipid A is embedded in the lipid bilayer of outer membrane and is necessary for a functional membrane barrier function (Wyckoff et al., 1998). Lipid A generally consists of bisphosphorylated β-(1 6) - linked glucosamine disaccharide substituted with fatty acids ester linked at positions 3 and 3׀ and amide linked at positions 2 and 2’ (Zahringer et.al 199). Lipid A adopts an ordered hexagonal arrangement resulting in a more rigid structure compared with the rest of the molecule (Petsch and Anspach., 2000). Bacteria lacking lipid A are not known (Perola et al., 2007). LPS containing a lipid A and Kdo, a unique sugar along with ...
Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic bacterium that infects a range of hosts such as livestock, poultry, domestic pets, and even humans. (1,2) The bacterium is a small, nonmotile, bipolar staining, gram-negative coccobacillus. (2) Classifications of these microorganisms are based on the bacteria capsule type and lipopolysaccharide antigens. Pasteurella multocida have five distinct carbohydrate polymer capsular types which are A, B, D, E, and F. (3) The lipopolysaccharide antigens classifies Pasteurella multocida into 16 Heddleston serovars that produce different lipopolysaccharide structures that help protects the bacteria from host immune response. (3)
This forms spontaneously with the non-polar fatty acid chains facing inwards towards each other and the polar phosphate groups facing outwards into the extra-cellular fluid and the inside of the cell. The interaction between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends helps give the membrane stability and gives membrane selective permeability. Cholesterol has a lot of range and gives them stable structure.
Liposomes are artificial prepared vesicles which are composed of the lipid bilayer. They can be used as a vehicle for nutrients and pharmaceutical drug administration. Liposomes are prepared by disrupting the biological membranes by sonication. Liposomes are closed vehicles that contain both lipophilic and a hydrophilic region. The formation of these vesicles is made by hydrating a mixture of cholesterol and a phospholipid. There are many different approaches to delivering these drugs. Improvements for the performance of the drug molecules are by delayed clearance from the circulation and protecting the drug from the environment and limiting the effects to the target cells. “Liposomes was discovered about 40 years ago by Bangham and his coworker.” (Boddyreddy, 2012) which was an accidently discovery because he was studying blood clotting.
Fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid are known as essential fatty acid because they cannot be synthesized in the body so must be supplied in the food. Human being lacks the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbons 9 & 10. About 20 different fatty acids are synthesized from the two essential fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Omega three fatty acid is synthesized from linolenic acid and omega six fatty acid is synthesized from linolic acid.
L. pneumophila belongs to the genus Legionella. This genus also causes Pontiac Fever, a milder illness resembling the flu. Infections by Legionella bacterium, separately or together, is sometimes called legionellosis. L. pneumophila is a ubiquitous organism which thrives in warm, moist places – including water pipes. It is thin, pleomorphic, flagellated and Gram-negative. It is the primary human pathogen of its genus. It does not have endospores or a capsule and morphologically it is a rod-like bacteria. Although, it is considered Gram-negative, it stains poorly because of its lipopolysaccharide outer layer of the outer cell membrane. It is non-acid-fast, aerobic and non-fermentative. It is not pigmented but it is oxidase and catalase positive. Its optimum temperature is around 35 degrees Celsius or 95 degrees Fairinheight and it is capable of surviving temperature ran...
Being a gram-negative bacterium, L. pneumophila has lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that act as endotoxin within a human host. The presence of a flagella is thought to mediate adherence to human lung cells, thereby causing infection, since flagella-less strains do not cause disease. Once attached to human cells, the organism is engulfed by a macrophage where is utilizes the internal environment to multiply.
The Structure and Function of Carbohydrates Large biological molecules are called macromolecules, there are giant molecules (polymers) made up of repeating units (monomers). Carbohydrates are one of the main classes of biological molecules. Macromolecule units (monomers) are joined together by condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions split macromolecules down into their individual units. Carbohydrates are molecules that contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms (the same proportion as in water).
... the unknown microorganism and the microorganism did not react as well as it should have and lipid was not broken down in the process. (LAB BOOK)
Talaro , K., & Chess, B. (2012). Foundations in microbiology. (8th ed., pp. 563-564). New York, NY:
By definition, a cell is life's basic unit. In practice, the cells share several mechanisms across different animals, plants, and microorganisms. Two fundamental differences exist between the architecture of cells for different classes of organisms (Jan, 2014). Lipids build and maintain both the plasma (the external bilayer) and the nuclear membrane within a cell. In addition, the thick filament of proteins (actin filaments and microtubes) confer rigidity to the cytoskeleton of the cell. Factors, such as physical forces acting on a cell as and the cell’s mechanical environment control gene regulation (the rate of production of proteins). In animals, the polymer filament gel (network) regulate the motility of cells. In fact, forces acting on the polymer gel tend to deform the cell membrane.
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is greatly needed by the retina of the human eyes. It’s very vital for the enhancement of color and low-light vision. It’s also a generic term for related compounds such as retinal and retinol. The vitamin also has alternative names such as Retinol, Retinoic acid, Cartenoids and Retinal.
Certain structures of bacteria are indispensable for causing sepsis. All sepsis causing bacteria have S-layer and produce capsules, slime layer and biofilm (see tab. ). These structures protect the bacteria in the tissues against phagocytosis, ROS, lytic enzymes, immune complexes, etc., whereas in the bloodstream capsule and slime layer prevent triboelectric charging, attraction and fixation on the surface of erythrocytes, oxidation and killing by the oxygen released from erythrocytes [33 ].
plasma membranes, meaning animals and plants contain lipids. In this paper I will display and
There are many functions lipids have. One of the main functions lipids are structural components in the cell. Lipids make up approximately 50% of the mass of most cell membranes. The lipids that are found in the cell membrane are called phospholipid. Phospholipid are the predominant lipids of cell membrane. Phospholipids aggregate or self-assemble when mixed with water, but in a different manner than the soaps and detergents. Because of the two pendant alkyl chains in phospholipids and the unusual mixed charges in their head groups, micelle formation is unfavorable relative to a bilayer structure.
The surface (S)-layer glycoproteins of archaea were found to be O-glycosylated. In Halobacterium salinarum, the cell envelope protein is modified with glucosylgalactose disaccharides and (uronic acid, glucose)-galatcotse trisaccharides at several sites [23]. Little is known about the O-glycosylation pathway in archaea at present.