ATP is universal form of free energy in all living organisms and is an energy coupling agent (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 250). When ATP is hydrolyzed to produce adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and orthophosphate (Pi), or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and Pi, free energy is liberated. This free energy can then be utilized for endergonic reactions that need an input of free energy in order to occur. The recycling of ATP/ADP is critical to for energy exchange in living organisms. ATP is critical in photosynthesis since it is used to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 407). Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions can be also driven if they are coupled to ATP hydrolysis in a new reaction (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 250).
The structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of a ribose sugar molecule attached to the nucleotide base adenine on one side, and attached to three phosphate groups (in a triphosphate unit) on the other side of the ribose sugar (Adenosine Triphosphate-ATP). The ATP molecule contains two phosphoanhydride bonds which join the three phosphate groups together and a phosphoester bond that connects one of phosphate groups to the ribose molecule (Properties of ATP). The two phosphoanhydride bonds are formed by the loss of a water molecule (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 250). ATP is formed in chemotrophs through the oxidation of carbon fuels and in photosynthetic organisms when light energy is converted into chemical energy (Topic 4.2-The Structure and Role of ATP). ATP has a high phosphoryl transfer potential due to its structural differences compared to ADP and Pi. These structural differences include (1) electrostatic repulsion, (2) resonance stabilization, and (3) stabilization du...
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...ibulose 1,5-bisphosphate (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 412). 12 NADPH are also used in the reduction of the 12 molecules of 1,3-phosphoglycerate produced during the 6 rounds. Therefore, ATP has a critical role in the functioning of the Calvin cycle and photosynthesis since without it, plants would be unable to complete the Calvin cycle and synthesize the hexose carbohydrate sugars (Tymoczko et al. 2013. p. 412)
Works Cited
May, P. Adenosine Triphosphate-ATP. Bristol University. Retrieved from http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/atp/atp1.htm
Properties of ATP. UC Davis. Retrieved from http://biowiki.ucdavis.edu/Biochemistry/Oxidation_and_Phosphorylation/ATP_and_Oxidative_Phosphorylation/Properties_of_ATP
Topic 4.2-The Structure and Role of ATP
Tymoczko, J. L., Berg, J. M., & Stryer, L. (2013). Biochemistry: A Short Course, 2nd Edition. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co.
The majority of life on Earth depends on photosynthesis for food and oxygen. Photosynthesis is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen using the sun’s light energy (Campbell, 1996). This process consists of two parts the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (Campbell, 1996). During the light reactions is when the sun’s energy is converted into ATP and NADPH, which is chemical energy (Campbell, 1996). This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plants cell. Within the chloroplasts are multiple photosynthetic pigments that absorb light from the sun (Campbell, 1996).
In the presence of oxygen there are 4 stages namely glycolysis in the cytoplasm, link reaction and Krebs cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria and electron transport chain in the mitochondrial membranes. ATP is generated when H is lost and used to reduce coenzymes. The reduced Hydrogen carrier can be used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the two most important processes that animal and plant cells supply themselves with energy to carry out their life cycles. Cellular respiration takes glucose molecules and combines it with oxygen. This energy results in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with carbon dioxide and water that results in a waste product. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and combines it with water,
Lawrence, S., M. K. Heidemann and D. O. Straney. 2006. Biological Sciences 111L Laboratory Manual. Hayden-McNeil Publishing, Inc., Plymouth
Lieberman M, Marks A, Smith C. (2007). Marks’ essentials of medical biochemistry a clinical approach. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Pp 316-317.
Tymoczko, J. L. Jeremy, M. B. Stryer, L. (2011) Biochemistry a short course, 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
However, in anaerobic respiration (glycolysis and fermentation) only two (2) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be obtained. Now, for photosynthesis it is actually a carbon-fixation which is 3CO2+9ATP+6NADPH+H2O--- glyceraldehyde3phosphate+8Pi+9ADP+6NADP which turns out to just be eight-teen (18) ATP per glucose molecules in
1. Glycolysis is a multi-step process. The authors of Biological Science 5th edition stated ...
The two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules that were created from glycolysis are oxidized. One of the carbon bonds on the 3-carbon pyruvate molecule combines with oxygen to become carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide leaves the 3-carbon pyruvate chain. The remaining 2-carbon molecules that are left over become acetyl coenzyme A. Simultaneously, NAD+ combines with hydrogen to become NADH. With the help of enzymes, phosphate joins with ADP to make and ATP molecule for each pyruvate. Enzymes also combine acetyl coenzyme A with a 4-carbon molecule called oxaloacetic acid to create a 6-carbon molecule called citric acid. The cycle continuously repeats, creating the byproduct of carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is exhaled by the organism into the atmosphere and is the necessary component needed to begin photosynthesis in autotrophs. When carbon is chemically removed from the citric acid, some energy is generated in the form of NAD+ and FAD. NAD+ and FAD combine with hydrogen and electrons from each pyruvate transforming them into NADH and FADH2. Each 3-carbon pyruvate molecule yields three NADH and one FADH2 per cycle. Within one cycle each glucose molecule can produce a total of six NADH and two
In cellular respiration, glucose with ADP and Phosphate group will be converted to pyruvate and ATP through glycolysis. NAD+ plays a major role in glycolysis and will be converted
Tymoczko, J. L., Berg, J. M., & Stryer, L. (2013). Biochemistry: A Short Course, 2nd Edition. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co.
In photosynthesis, a plant cell(only plants can use photosynthesis) absorbs light from the sun and uses that light energy in the Electron Transport Chain(ETC) to create molecules of ATP and NADPH(and Oxygen which will leave the cell). These molecules will then be used in a process called the Calvin cycle which will then produce organic compounds. Next, is cellular respiration which uses these organic compounds and Oxygen will be used in a process called glycolysis which creates two ATP. Then, a process called the Krebs cycle uses a molecule called acetyl CoA to produce 4 Co2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. These products will then be transported to the ETC which will then produce more ATP which will be used as energy and will produce H2O. Overall, the most important thing to know is that the products of photosynthesis, organic compounds and O2, are reactants in cellular respiration which produces the reactants of photosynthesis, Co2 and H2O. Both processes rely on the other, without one, the other will not work which is why Biosphere 2 failed which I will explain
“Photosynthesis (literally, “synthesis from light”) is a metabolic process by which the energy of sunlight is captured and used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into carbohydrates (which is represented as a six-carbon sugar, C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2)” (BioPortal, n.d., p. 190).
Cellular respiration is the process that animals go through to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the source of chemical energy that cells use in order to perform its functions. The reactants are glucose and oxygen and the reactants are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy. The carbon dioxide made is the carbon dioxide needed for autotrophic organisms need to go through the process of photosynthesis. The formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
converted further to fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase [8]. In the third reaction fructose 6-phosphate undergoes an additional phosphorylation to fructose 1,6-diphosphate by phosphofructokinase-1. A molecule of ATP acts as