Research Paper Outline
All matter visible to the eye is made up of atoms, subdivided into protons and neutrons, and then subdivided again into quarks, leptons, and their corresponding antiparticle. These particles along with the five force carriers make up the Standard Model fundamental particles. However, modern research has shown that this baryonic matter is not the majority of the universe. It is estimated that it accounts for only roughly 2% of the known galaxy. The rest of the universe is made up of what is known as dark matter, so named because it cannot be detected using mass/luminosity ratios. Experiments have been created to detect candidates for this dark matter, and to prove the existence of dark matter.
Photometry was the relied method of determining mass by using well-defined mass to luminosity ratios. However, it was found that mass was not directly related to light (K Garrett, G Duda, 2011). In the early 1930’s, scientists like Fritz Zwicky made a discovery that standard mass to luminosity ratios gave the mass of a specific cluster as roughly 2% of what was observed by Zwicky himself (K Garrett, G Duda, 2011). Gravitational lensing was discovered in the 1970s to be another way to detect dark matter. It was used to determine the size and distance of distant objects (K Garrett, G Duda, 2011). Walsh was the first to observe this lensing in 1979. He and other scientists used the images and calculated a mass that was much larger than the mass inferred from mass/luminosity ratios. The most recent evidence came from the Bullet cluster, the result of a smaller cluster colliding with a larger galaxy cluster. NASA observed radiation from the collision that showed that the locations of the emission of radiation and the larges...
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... off by WIMPs using production in accelerators and direct detection. The most interesting thing about these articles is that the knowledge base about the universe is expanding rapidly and perhaps in the near future, scientists will be able to formulate advanced theorems about the galaxy and what is beyond.
Works Cited
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The origins of the super-massive black holes which concludes how they were formed and what caused them to form is an unsolved problem which is yet a mystery of astrophysics. ( Millis 2014)
In the first chapter we meet some of the characters and what they do. Both Daniela and Jason Dessen gave up their careers to start a family together. Jason goes to a party held for his former colleague, Ryan Holder, celebrating a Prize that he had earned. He and Jason talk and Jason gets enraged and leaves the party early. On his way home a kidnapper approaches him and forces him into a SUV. He takes Jason to an abandoned warehouse and injects a needle into his neck and slowly Jason goes unconscious.
Webb S. 2002, If the Universe is Teeming with Aliens ... Where is Everybody? (Copernicus
Not too long ago, we were looking forward to the New Millennium. To many of us, this was an important event of our lives. On a larger scale, however, the New Millennium looks insignificant. "If we adopt an astronomical perspective, however, a much larger and more distant celebration remains on the schedule-the Galactic Millennium," write Greg Laughlin and Fred Adam in their article Celebrating the Galactic Millennium. Laughlin and Adam speculate about the proposed changes to the Universe in the future and the coming of the Galactic Millennium.
There are two ways to prove the existence of dark matter. We know that the universe must have a certain mass in order for its attractive gravitational forces to slow the expansion of the universe which started at the big bang. We can precisely calculate the rate at which the universe is expanding currently, and how fast it has expanded in the past. From this we get the theoretical mass of the universe. This figure falls far short of the visible mass of the universe, which consists of stars, planets, and hot gas. This is how scientists are able to prove that we can only see about 5% of our universe.
...detect this radiation was Joseph Weber. He eventually came up with the first bar gravity-wave detector. This was a long aluminum cylinder, 2m by ½m, that should be compressed with an incoming gravity wave. To detect this compression he wired piezoelectric crystals, which respond to pressure by generating an electric current, to the outside surface of the bar. Although it didn't work, other bar detectors were built that used a device called a stroboscopic sensor to filter out random vibrations. This was an ingenious device, but it too proved to be a non-contributor in the advancement of learning more of the galaxy. Just as X-ray astronomy went from simple detectors in the noses of rockets to full fledged X-ray telescopes housed in orbiting satellites, and radio astronomy went from crude dishes to continent spanning arrays, gravity wave detectors may show a completely new spectrum. And, just as X-rays brought a completely new universe into focus, one can hardly imagine what a gravitational view of the universe will reveal. At the very least, we will have definitive proof or denial of black holes, but we may find that black holes are some of the more subtle features of the universe.
What exactly is Quark? Quark: a fermion which is believed to be one of the fundamental constituents of matter. All quarks have a fractional electric charge1. This pretty much means quarks have ½ spin (rotate two full rotations to get to place it started), apply to Pauli Exclusion Principle, is one of the things that make up all matter, and its electric charge is a fraction. There are three different colors of quark; red, green, and blue. The colors always up to white. Also there are three different kinds of antiquark; cyan, yellow, and magenta. Quarks are at least 330MeV.
Over a 1950 summer lunch at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the great physicist Enrico Fermi asked his colleagues an unexpected question – “Don’t you ever wonder where everybody is?” Laughter went around the table as everyone immediately knew that he was talking about extraterrestrial intelligence [1]. If life arises fairly commonly, as Fermi believed, it follows that there should be advanced civilizations with the desire to visit and colonize Earth close enough to do so. However, there is no incontrovertible evidence of aliens on Earth, either now or in the past. This is called the Fermi Paradox. The lack of observational evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence is known as the ‘Great Silence.’[13]
Dark matter must help make up 25% of the universes mass because if it did not, the elements of the universe would not hold together. This material cannot be directly observed. In the 1950s, studies about other galaxies showed the possibility that there is other matter out there that cannot be seen though the naked eye. In 2014, a particle physicist by the name of Andreas Hoecker who works as a deputy coordinator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, stated that supersymmetry is the best theory they have to prove that dark matter exists and what it is. The supersymmetric particles are hypothesized particles that were proven to exist after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. The Large Hadron Collider helps allow scientists see dark matter particles. The dark matter particles could disappear but they would leave energy and momentum that can be detected. Scientists use the amount of energy and momentum missing to infer that dark matter exists. The Large Hadron Collider can also determine the masses and cross-sections of dark matter.
Waller, William H. The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide. Princeton, N.J: Princeton UP, 2013. 42+. Print.
Operating the largest machine in the world won’t be essay. The collider has two functions, it is to accelerate particles to high speeds in a beam that is about 2mm wide and then to direct the beams to the heart of the collider, where the head-on collision takes place. The particles that the Hadron collider accelerates are protons and lead nuclei; these have positive charges and so can be steered by magnets. These super magnets (9,300 in total) are used to control and steer the particles as they make their way around the 27km loop of the Large Hadron Collider. The Hadron Collider actually has two beams which travel opposite to each other so two sets of protons can travel towards each other. At the heart of the collider, the two beams meet for a brief moment, and that’s where the things go bang! This is where the explosion takes place and where the scientist, can try to find new elements.
The universe is an unknown place. Most of it has not been explored. Some things are known, however. Scientists know a lot about things like the Big Bang and our Asteroid Belt. Some of the universe's natural phenomenons are yet to be discovered. This article will explain some of them and why they happen.
The next big step in the discovery of the atom was the scientific test that proved the existence of the atom. After the discovery of the atom we had the discovery of subatomic particles. With the discovery of the subatomic particles came the research, which came from experiments that were made to find out more about the subatomic particles. This research is how we uncovered that most of the weight of an atom is from its nucleus. With the gold foil experiment, tested by Ernest Rutherford, he discovered the existence of the positively charged nucleus. He proved this when the experiment was happening, a small fraction of the photons th...
Generally, the universe began as a composition of radiation and subatomic particles, which proceeded with galaxies formation. Galaxies are made up of hydrogen, helium, 100-200 billions of stars, planets and most having a black hole at the center, which attracts everything present in galaxies by force of gravity. Galaxies can be classified as either spiral (Milky Way- galaxy which human kind has been found to exist), elliptical, lenticular and irregular, where the structure is determined by neighboring galaxies with most galaxies are moving away from each other. Classification of galaxies is being conducted by online programs such as Galaxy zoo, using pictures from telescopes and is making significant progress.